Respiratory Medication
Beta 2 agonist such as albuterol most commonly used to relax smooth muscles of the airway and cause dilation of airways.
Bronchodilators
Provides visualization of the lungs, ribs, clavicles, vertebrae, heart, and major thoracic vessels. It is useful in identifying foreign bodies, infiltration, and abnormal shadows. The standard is AP and lateral views, pleural effusion are best seen in the lateral view.
Chest Xray
Assessment of Respiratory Failure
•Neurological—shows earliest signs of hypoxemia and hypercapnia with change in LOC, anxious and restless progresses to stuporous
•Respiratory (rate, depth, use of accessory muscles, work of breathing)
•Cardiovascular (initially HR and B/P high and then decrease and arrhythmias)
•Nutrition (recent wt. loss, muscle wasting, N&V, skin turgor)
___ is determinant factor for acid-base balance
CO2
Lungs: _ left lobes and _ right lobes
2 & 3
facilitate bronchodilation by blocking acetylcholine receptor sites and preventing bronchoconstriction. Ipratropium or tiotropium are common drugs in this class.
anticholinergics
Pulmonary function test: PRE PROCEDURE
Pre-procedure-check if patient is receiving any medication that may depress respirations, ask if the patient had a bronchodilator before the exam because it can affect the results, remove any dentures, avoid before exam, wear loose clothing, and no heavy meal or smoking 4-6 hours before the exam.
_____ is slow respiratory rate from CNS abnormalities, neuromuscular disorders, drug overdose.
Hypoventilation
Respiratory Acidosis:
pH= Less than
And
C02=Greater than
7.35
And
45
Inspiration is an ____ process and expiration is a ____ process
active & passive
used for anti-inflammatory effects, useful in advance stages of COPD and in exacerbations. Increases risk or pneumonia and long-term use associated with myopathy that leads to respiratory arrest. Often used in combination with long acting beta2 agonist
Glucocorticosteroids
is a noninvasive test for cystic fibrosis.
sweat test
___ respiratory failure develops over time allowing the body to compensate
___ occurs rapidly over minutes to hours with little time for compensation
Chronic + Acute
C02= Less than35
And
PH= greater than 7.45
Respiratory Alkalosis:
RATE, RHYTHM AND DEPTH OF VENTILATION IS REGULATED BY THE ____ AND ____.
MEDULLA AND PONS
(Theophylline/Aminophylline) inhibit phosphodiesterase, which increases cyclic adenosine monophosphate, relaxes bronchial smooth muscle, and promotes bronchodilation.
Methylxanthines
A catheter is inserted via the ____ or ____ to the pulmonary artery- injecting radiopaque contrast material-this helps to visualize blood flow to the lungs.
antecubital or femoral vein
Once the cells have depleted the supply of 02 available anerobic metabolism takes place, ____ is produced; which further depresses ___________and ____________.
lactic acid
myocardial function and further lowering cardiac output
Metabolic Acidosis:
pH= Less than 7.35
And
HCO3= less than 22
Arterial Blood Gases (ABG)
1.____
2.____
3.____
Measure O2 distribution in body
Identify acid-base imbalance
are used to manage allergies, rhinitis and help prevent asthma
Leukotriene inhibitors
In ____ scans the radioactive particles injected and show distribution of blood flow through the lungs.
In ventilation scans a radioactive gas is ____ and can ______
perfusion
inhaled and can detect ventilation abnormalities.
Symptoms (Hint cuz im nice: theres 9)
Diaphoresis
nasal flaring
tachycardia
abdoominal paradox
muscle retractions
intercoastal
suprasternal
supraclavicular
central cyanosis
Related to increased levels of bicarbonate
Metabolic Alkalosis:
What does hypercapnia do?
increases cerebral blood flow causing changes in LOC.