Lungs
What is ventilation
mechanical act of breathing- inspiration/expiration
Dead space that does not participate in gas exchange
terminal bronchioles
What are the normal number of breaths per minutes
Extra 50 points if you know the name and breaths for lower breath rate
Extra 50 points if you know the name and breath rate for high respirations
12-20 breaths/minute is normal
Less than 12 breaths per minute = bradypnea
More that 20 breaths per minute = tachypnea
What are the defense mechanism? Describe
irritant reflex- cough to expel irritant
mucocollary system- produces mucus to trap foreign matter
Secretory Immunity- antigens contact mucosa and antibodies appear in mucus to initiate immune response
What do bronchodilators do? What are some common side effects?
dilates bronchiole tubes and airways
side effects- shakiness/trembling/nervous- particularly in the hands
Trace a drop of blood from the lungs to the aorta (include valves)
Lungs -> Pulmonary Veins -> Left Atrium -> Bicuspid (AV) Valve, Left Ventricle, Aortic Valve -> Aorta
If Left Ventricle fails where will the fluid back up?
lungs
Hypoxemia vs hypoxia
Hypoxemia insufficient O2 in the blood
Hypoxia lack of O2 available in the body tissues
Hypertension vs hypotension
Hypertension- (high blood pressure) common condition in which the long-term force of the blood against your artery walls is high
Hypotension- (low blood pressure) when blood pressure drops below the normal range
A PTA observes a patient completing a low-level exercise test on a treadmill. Which of the following measurement methods would provide the PTA with an objective measurement of endurance?
a. Facial color
b. Facial expression
c. Rating on a perceived exertion scale
d. Respiration rate
Rating on a perceived exertion scale
How does your body know to breath--- Lateral Medulla Oblongota ...
Brainstem-->Phrenic Nerve-->diaphragm--> intercostal nerves --> intercostal mm
What happens to your respiration rate when PaCo2 levels increase?
It increases respiration rate
What is Pulmonary Hypertension and what makes it different that essential hypertension?
Pulmonary hypertension happens when the pressure in the blood vessels leading from the heart to the lungs is too high
It differs from essential hypertension because it occurs in the blood vessels leading to the heart and lungs where essential hypertension is the blood pressure is the force of blood against your artery walls as your heart pumps blood through your body.
The upper airways do what?
warms, humidifies, filters inspired air and protects the lower airway from foreign matter
What is V/Q? What is a normal V/Q?
Ventilation/Perfusion ratio
Normal: Perfusion 5L/min, Ventilation 4L/min
V/Q= 4/5 or 0.8
A PTA initiates an exercise program for a patient rehabilitating from cardiac surgery. During the treatment session the PTA monitors the patient’s oxygen saturation rate. Which of the following would be most representative of a normal oxygen saturation rate? (give a range of 3)
90%-93%
List 5 common respiratory pathologies- describe each
ARDS- form of pulmonary edema
ARF- lungs cannot maintain oxygenation or CO2 elimination
Asthma-chronic reactive disorder of airways
Chronic Bronchitis- form of COPD- airflow resistance diseases
Pneumonia- acute infection that impairs gas exchange
Cystic Fibrosis- excessive mucus can collect in the pancreatic ducts-remodeling of the lungs due to hypoxia and vasoconstriction
CHF- Pulmonary edema
Emphysema- form of COPD- airflow limitations due to decrease in elastic recoil
Restrictive Lung Disease- pulmonary or extrapulmonary restriction
Pneumothorax- an accumulation of air in pleural cavity that leads to partial of complete lung collapse
Pulmonary Edema- accumulation of fluid in the extravascular spaces
TB- caused by a bacterium, bacteria usually attack the lungs, but TB bacteria can attack any part of the body such as the kidney, spine, and brain
Pulmonary Embolism- obstructions of pulmonary arterial bed