Show:
Anatomy
Anatomy
Anatomy
A & P
A & P
100
What does the epiglottis cover?
What is the larynx? (food in vocal cords? bad idea!)
100
What are the air sacs in the lungs called? (plural and singular)
What are the alveoli (alveolus)
100
Which three parts of lung anatomy contain cilia?
What is the pharynx, the trachea, and the bronchi?
100
How is oxygen carried in the blood? AND what about those "oxygen bars" and O2 machines you can purchase over the internet?
What is in hemoglobin? (Saturation is 97-100% at all times, even during exercise, in normal people). Inhaling extra oxygen when the hemoglobin is already full, adds no extra oxygen to the body, it just diffuses back out of the blood into the lungs. "Free floating" oxygen can NOT be used by the cells of the body because it easily difuses through cell walls..
100
How is alveolar surface area in normal people different from emphysemics?
What is HUGE in normal people (covers half a tennis court) and markedly reduced in emphysemics due to destruction of alveolar walls. O2 will help emphysemics, to increase the likely hood that SOME O2 will find it's way into a capillary before exhalation occurs.
200
What is the roof of your mouth called?
What is the palate?
200
How do the vocal cords work?
What is vibration of ligaments and contraction of throat muscles (which stretches the ligaments)?
200
Which part of the lung anatomy contains smooth muscle?
What is the bronchioles?
200
How is CO2 transported in the blood?
What is 70% is dissolved as bicarbonate (HCO3) ions, 23% bound to hemoglobin, and 7% dissolved in plasma as CO2.
300
What are the tissues in the throat that protect us from infection (particularly in children)?
What are the tonsils and adenoids?
300
What piece of cartilage protects the vocal cords?
What is the thyroid cartilage?
300
How many pulmonary veins are there?
What is 4?
300
Eplain what happens to O2, CO2 levels in the blood during hypertentilation?
What is nothing happens to O2 levels (assuming a normal person previously breathing normally), and a significant DROP in CO2 levels causing respiratory alkalosis (CO2 exhaled each breath, but virtually no CO2 is inhaled in each breath = net loss of CO2). Remember CO2 in the blood is turned into carbonic acid. So a drop in blood CO2, causes alkalosis.
300
Which muscles assist in exhalation? Which muscles assist inhalation?
What are the internal intercostals, the oblique and abdominus muscles? What are the sternocleidomastoid muscles, the scalenes, the external intercostals, and the diaphragm.
400
What two structures in the back of your mouth help you swallow food (not including the tongue itself).
What are the uvula and the soft palate?
400
Which piece/s of lung anatomy is protected by rings of cartilage?
What is the trachea and bronchi?
400
What are the two parts of the pleura?
What is parietal and visceral pleura?
400
How do we deal with a person who is hyperventilating?
What is talking them down AND having them breathe into a bag or anything similiar to that where they will be breathing in some of their own exhaled air.
400
How do we bring air INTO our lungs?
What is enlarging the thorax to reduce pressure in the lungs, to pull air into the lungs. (Diaphragm contracts/flattens downwards pulling lungs down, the other muscles pull up the sternum and ribs, and pull the ribs outwards to enlarge the lungs).
500
What are the three sections of the throat called?
What are the nasopharynx, the oropharynx and the laryngopharynx?
500
Where is the trachea in relation to the esophagus AND which way do the open side of those rings of cartilage face?
What is anterior to the esophagus (C4-T5) and opens towards the esophagus (posteriorly)?
500
How does oxygen & CO2 exchange occur between the alveoli and the capillaries in the lungs? ALSO describe the alveolar/capillary membrane.
What is each moves along their concentration gradient across the membrane between the alveolar membrane which is made of a single cell layer of simple squamous epithelial cells and which is fused directly to the capilary membrane.
500
Where is the control center for respiration, and what is the greatest trigger for breathing?
What is the medulla of the brain stem and increased CO2 levels (or increased blood acidity level).
500
What is asthma and symptoms? What is bronchitis and symptoms? What is emphysema and symptoms? What is COPD? What is tuberculosis? What is cystic fibrosis?
What is spasm & wheezing? What is inflammation & excessive production of mucus in bronchi/bronchioles & productive cough? What is destruction of alveoli & severe shortness of breath and cyanosis? What is the combination of all of the above in a chronic illness? What is a respiratory infection caused by bacteria, which is contagious but can remain dormant for years as well. What is an overproduction of excessively thick mucus in all tubes of the body - lungs, GI, GU, etc. (genetic).