Neonatal Physiology
What is the narrowest point in an infant’s airway?
Cricoid Cartilage
Give one disorder that requires intubation at birth.
Diaphragmatic Hernia, RDS (for surfactant), MAS
What acronym is used for the ventilation corrective steps in NRP?
MRSOPA
What disease is primarily caused by a deficiency of pulmonary surfactant in premature infants?
Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS)
Which fetal shunt allows oxygenated blood from the umbilical vein to bypass the liver?
Ductus Venosus
What shape is used to describe an infant’s epiglottis?
Omega-shaped
By how much should you increase FiO2 before suctioning neonates?
+10%
What is the most important and effective step in neonatal resuscitation?
Ventilation
What term is often used to describe the characteristic CXR finding in RDS?
Ground-glass appearance
Which cardiac defect is often suggested by bounding pulses in an infant?
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
What are the three shunts present in a fetus before birth?
Ductus Venosus, Foramen Ovale, and Ductus Arteriosus
What are the two most common complications of suctioning in neonates?
Bradycardia and Hypoxemia
Positive pressure ventilation should be initiated if the heart rate is below what threshold after initial steps?
100 beats per minute
What specialty gas is used to treat persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn?
Nitric Oxide
What defect is most commonly associated with an “egg on a string” shape on the CXR?
Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA)
What specialized cells produce surfactant in the alveoli?
Type II Pneumocytes
At what depth would you insert an ETT for a 1 kg infant?
7 cm at the gum
What is the correct compression-to-ventilation ratio for neonatal resuscitation?
3:1
What is the most common causative organism for early-onset pneumonia?
Group B Streptococcus
What is typically administered to keep the ductus arteriosus open in duct-dependent congenital heart diseases?
Prostaglandin
At what week do alveolar sacs form in utero?
24 weeks
What ETT size and laryngoscope blade size would you use for a 2.5 kg infant?
ETT 3.5, Miller Blade 0
Through which route is Epinephrine given during neonatal resuscitation if IV access is unavailable?
Endotracheal
How long should an infant be oxygen dependent to be diagnosed with bronchopulmonary dysplasia?
28 days
Name the four defects involved in Tetralogy of Fallot.
Pulmonary Stenosis, Right Ventricular Hypertrophy, Ventricular Septal Defect, and Overriding Aorta