Respiratory Anatomy
respiratory bronchioles are part of the respiratory or conducting zone?
respiratory
____'s law refers to the indirect relationship between pressure and volume
Boyle's
high levels of CO2 are associated with ____ levels of H+ and ____ pH
high levels H+, and low pH
filtrate turns into urine when it leaves the
collecting duct
where is the site of most reabsorption in the renal tubule?
proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
the nasal cavity is lined with what kind of epithelium?
pseudostratified ciliated columnar
what is the medical word for a lung collapse?
atelectasis
partial pressures of gases is related to ____'s law
Dalton's law
principle cells of the collecting duct maintain balance of
water and sodium
what hormone does not increase reabsorption?
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
what two substances are secreted by type II cells of the alveoli
secrete surfactant and antimicrobial proteins
which respiratory group modifies activity and fine-tunes breathing rhythms as well as controls the transition between inspiration and expiration?
pontine respiratory group
what is the formula involved in the transport of CO2
H2O + CO2 <-> H2CO3 <-> HCO3- + H+
what is pyelonephritis?
infection of the entire kidney
what is the difference between obligatory and facultative water reabsorption?
obligatory- water follows sodium reabsorption (aldosterone)
facultative- ADH causes reabsorption of water only
relaxed inspiration uses what muscles?
diaphragm and external intercoastals
in ventilation-perfusion coupling, perfusion relates to the control of which gas?
oxygen
central chemoreceptors monitor which chemicals?
CO2 and H+ (peripheral: O2, CO2, and H+)
what are the 3 layers of supportive tissue on the kidney?
renal fascia, perirenal fat capsule, fibrous capsule
describe the ADH mechanism. What stimulates its release, what are the causes, and what are the results?
ADH is released as a result of high blood osmolarity (dehydration). It causes more aquaporins to move to the DCT and principal cells of the collecting duct, which results in increased water reabsorption
forced expiration uses what muscles?
abdominal and internal intercostals
CO2 is transported in blood in what 3 ways?
(include percentages)
70%: bicarbonate in plasma
20%: bound to globin of hemoglobin
7-10%: dissolved in plasma
describe what happens to pH during hypoventilation
hypoventilation will lead to decreased pH due to retention of CO2
place these structures in order in the pathway of urine: renal pelvis, minor calyces, major calyces, renal medulla, renal cortex
renal cortex > renal medulla > minor calyces > major calyces > renal pelvis
how would the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism react in response to high sodium levels in the filtrate?
macula densa cells detect high NaCl
afferent arterioles constrict to decrease GFR by decreasing blood flow into the glomerulus to decrease amount of NaCl entering filtrate