intro to restricton enzymes
the process of modifying DNA to achieve a desired outcome, such as creating insulin or making crops pest-resistant.
What is genetic engineering
What are the steps involved in how restriction enzymes cut DNA?
What is recognition, cleavage, and separation.
Bacteria naturally produce restriction enzymes for this purpose.
What is use restriction enzymes to defend against viruses?
The acronym for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
What is CRISPR
In gene therapy for cystic fibrosis, restriction enzymes help insert a functional version of this gene.
What is the CFTR gene?
These enzymes act as molecular scissors, cutting DNA at specific sequences to allow for genetic modifications.
What are restriction enzymes
A sequence of 4-8 base pairs where restriction enzymes bind and cut DNA.
What is a recognition site
Restriction enzymes protect bacteria by doing this to viral DNA.
What is cutting viral DNA at specific sequences to prevent replication?
CRISPR-Cas9 edits genes using this molecule to guide the Cas9 enzyme to a specific DNA sequence.
What is guide RNA (gRNA)?
A mutation in the CFTR gene leads to this genetic disorder.
What is cystic fibrosis?
How do restriction enzymes function like molecular scissors?
What is the ability to recognize specific DNA sequences and cut at those exact sites?
These sequences read the same forward and backward on opposite DNA strands, allowing precise cuts.
What are palindromic sequences?
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This feature makes CRISPR-Cas9 more effective than older gene-editing techniques.
What is high precision and efficiency?
Smaller DNA fragments move faster in gel electrophoresis due to this factor.
What is size?
This enzyme acts like molecular glue, joining DNA fragments together to form recombinant DNA.
What is dna ligase
Restriction enzymes can create these types of DNA ends: one with no overhangs and another with overhanging bases.
What are blunt and sticky ends?
Bacteria protect their own DNA from restriction enzymes using this chemical modification
What is methylation?
This editing method changes a single DNA base without cutting the DNA, reducing unwanted mutations.
What is base editing?
Paternity testing uses restriction enzymes to compare these between a child and potential parents.
What are DNA fragment patterns?
How can restriction enzymes be used to insert a gene for disease resistance into a plant?
What is they are used cut both plant DNA and a desired gene at specific sites so the can be joined togther allowing the new gene to integrate.
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Restriction enzymes prevent this by cutting viral DNA before it can take over a bacterial cell.
What is viral replication?
This advanced gene-editing method uses pegRNA to add, delete, or replace DNA sequences.
What is prime editing?
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