Genetic vocab
What is an allele?
Different forms of a gene
There is a cross between a red and white cow and a roan cow is the result of it. What is this an example of?
Codominance
What is biotechnology?
The application of a technological process, invention, or method to living organisms.
What is the Human Genome Project and when was it established?
An international collaborative effort to map and sequence tall the base pairs in human DNA established in 1990.
What do ribosomes create?
Proteins
What are punnet squares used for?
To identify the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from two parents.
What are the 4 steps we must do to complete a gene inheritance problem? (Think back to the 4 square sheet with the square in the middle)
1. Identify the type.
2. List all the possible genotypes
3. Match all phenotypes
4. Identify parents and complete the punnet square.
What is gene therapy?
The process of changing a gene to treat a medical disease or disorder, An absent or faulty gene is replaced by a normal working gene using a virus.
What is the function of a restriction enzyme?
To cut DNA in specific places
What's the difference between hypotonic and hypertonic?
Hypotonic solutions cause the cell to swell while hypertonic solutions cause the cell to shrink.
What is the difference between genotypes and phenotypes?
Genotypes are the set of genes in our DNA that are responsible for a certain trait. Phenotypes are the physical characteristics of that trait.
What is a pedigree?
A chart showing the occurrence and appearance or phenotypes of a particular gene or organism and its ancestors from one generation to the next.
What are three uses for biotechnology?
Crime scene investigations, paternity tests, and sequencing endangered species DNA.
PCR stands for Polymerase Chain Reaction. At the end of this process, about how many more times must you repeat the process?
40 times.
What is the difference between active and passive transport?
Passive transport uses no energy while moving from high to low concentration. Active transport moves ions from low to high concentrations using energy.
Who was known as the father of modern genetics because he completed multiple experiments of inheritance on pea plants?
Gregor Mendel
What is the difference between codominance and incomplete dominance?
Codominance is when both alleles are shown in an organism, such as a roan cow. Incomplete dominance is when two allele mix with each other, such as a black and white bunny having a gray bunny.
What does GMO stand for and what are some examples?
Genetically modified organisms; used to make crops and livestock bigger, appealing and resistant to certain weather conditions.
Name the steps of DNA fingerprinting
Collect a sample, cut the DNA up into small pieces, make more of the sample using PCR and then separate the fragments on a gel (Gel electrophoresis).
What's the difference between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells?
Prokaryotes are small and simple with no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. Eukaryotes are large and complex and do have a nucleus with membrane-bound organelles and a cell wall.
What is a test cross?
The crossing of an individual of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype.
A healthy man’s mother had Cystic fibrosis marries a woman who has cystic fibrosis. What are their chances of having a healthy child?
50%
What is recombinant DNA?
Recombinant DNA is the joining or recombining of two pieces of DNA from different sources, such as from two different organisms.
Describe the process of cloning.
The nucleus is taken out of a cell and placed into a different somatic cell and then those combined are inserted into another different organism.
What is the cellular respiration equation?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -----> 6H2O + 6CO2 + 36ATP