Phrasal Verbs
To think of or produce an idea, plan, or answer; sich etwas einfallen lassen / auf eine Idee kommen
to come up with
of considerable size, value, or importance — erheblich
substantial
Right or appropriate for a particular purpose or person; geeignet
suitable
What is skimming? How do you do it?
Reading for gist; focus on high value content of a text: first and last paragraph, topic sentences in each one of the other paragraphs
What are the signal words for the present perfect?
JEANY
To tolerate something unpleasant; etwas ertragen / hinnehmen
to put up with
producing good results; advantageous — vorteilhaft
beneficial
A person with more authority or senior status at work; Vorgesetzter / Führungskraft
higher-up
Ich schreibe Ihnen bezüglich...
I am writing to you concerning/regarding/in reference to/with connection to
What are the uses of present continuous?
now, around now (temporary), arrangements for the future
To discourage someone or make them lose interest; jemanden abschrecken / von etwas abbringen
to put someone off
easily seen or understood; obvious — ersichtlich
evident
Money paid to an employee who loses their job due to redundancy; Abfindung
redundancy payment, severance
Two main differences in comma usage from German
1. No comma between main and secondary clause (except if secondary clause comes before main)
2. Main clauses are separated by commas
What are the two uses of the present perfect continuous? Give examples.
1. Recent action (finished or unfinished), the results of which can be still perceived in the present (side effect) I am drenched in sweat; I have been doing sports.
2. Unfinished action that started in the past (duration) I have been writing emails all day.
To use something for support when your first option fails; auf etwas zurückgreifen (müssen)
to fall back on
causing harm or damage; adverse — schädlich
detrimental
To be officially informed that your job will end; die Kündigung bekommen
to get notice
Name five features of formal (academic) register
- no contractions, no phrasal verbs/use single word verbs, use complex/compound sentences, nominalizations, avoid colloquial language, avoid punctuation indicating attitude, use hedges, avoid gendering, etc.
What are the uses of the present perfect?
1. life experiences: I have been to NYC.
2. past actions relevant in the present: I have cut my finger.
3. actions/states that started in the past and still happening now: I have known him for 15 years.
To prevent or delay something unpleasant; etwas abwenden / hinauszögern
to stave off
(small) so small or unimportant as to be easily disregarded — vernachlässigbar
negligible
To be officially employed and paid by an organisation; auf der Gehaltsliste stehen / angestellt sein
to be on the payroll
What are coordinating conjunctions? Which ones? Commas?
FANBOYS
Tell a 1-2 sentence story using each one of the narrative tenses at least once.
I had been preparing (past perfect continuous) to go shopping all day. While I was walking (past continuous) to the store, I realized (simple past) that I had forgotten (past perfect simple) my money at home.