CHAPTER 1
A hypothesis is
An educated guess that explains a phenomenon or answers a question
A polar covalent bond occurs when
Atoms with different electronegativities share electrons unevenly in a covalent bond
Is NaOH an acid or a base?
Base
-COOH. Carbon double bonded to oxygen and bonded to hydroxyl group.
Carboxyl group
Building blocks of macromolecules
Monomers
What is a prediction?
A logical statement about what will happen if the hypothesis is correct
CH4 + 2 O2 → CO2 + 2 H2O. In this equation, CH4 is a
Reactant
What is a acid? What is a base?
Acid: a substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
Base: A substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
What is a functional group?
Chemical groups are directly involved in chemical reactions.
Each has certain properties, such as shape and charge, that cause it to participate in chemical reactions in a characteristic way.
What are the 4 major macromolecules?
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
"No difference exists between a treatment and control in an experiment"
Null hypothesis
What is chemical equilibrium?
Forward and reverse reactions continue with no effect on the concentrations of the reactants and products.
What is the pH of a solution with a hydroxyl ion [OH⁻] concentration of 10⁻¹² M?
pH 2
>C=O. If within the chain, it is a ketone. If at the end of the carbon skeleton, it is an aldehyde. Also, aldehydes have an H.
Carbonyl group
What is the chemical reaction mechanism by which cells make polymers from monomers?
Dehydration reactions
What is the purpose of a control group in an experiment?
To serve as a baseline for comparison
What is the maximum number of hydrogen atoms that can be covalently bonded in a molecule containing two carbon atoms?
6
What does it mean if the pH of a solution is increased from pH 5 to pH 7?
Concentration of OH⁻ is 100 times greater than what it was at pH 5.
-OPO₃²⁻. Usually ionized and attached to the carbon skeleton by one of its oxygen groups
Phosphate group
Saturated Fatty Acid vs Unsaturated Fatty Acid
Saturated Fatty Acid: A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds.
Unsaturated Fatty Acid: A fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon tail.
What is one key feature of a good scientific experiment?
It is repeatable and produces consistent results
How does valence allow you to determine how many bonds an atom can form?
It helps determine the number of electrons required to complete the atom’s outermost (valence) shell.
One of the buffers that contribute to pH stability in human blood is carbonic acid (H₂CO₃). Carbonic acid is a weak acid that dissociates into a bicarbonate ion (HCO₃⁻) and a hydrogen ion (H⁺). Thus,
H₂CO₃ ↔ HCO₃⁻ + H⁺
If the pH of the blood drops, one would expect
The HCO₃⁻ to act as a base and remove excess H⁺ with the formation of H₂CO₃.
Functional group involved in gene expression
Methyl group
Why can humans digest starch but not cellulose?
Humans have enzymes that can hydrolyze the α-glycosidic linkages of starch but not the β-glycosidic linkages of cellulose.