Academic English

Priorities

100

to address, to deal with; angehen, anpacken

to tackle

200

Einnahmen (usually for institutions, companies)

income

300

spending; Ausgaben (usually for institutions, companies)

expenditure

400

similar (to)

akin (to)

500

a situation in which the achieving of something you want involves the loss of something else which is also desirable, but maybe less so

tradeoff

Formal Adjectives

100

(big) of considerable size, value, or importance — erheblich

substantial

200

(new) and not resembling something formerly known; original — neuartig

novel

300

(bad) causing harm or damage; adverse — schädlich

detrimental

400

(old) no longer in use; outdated — veraltet

obsolete

500

(small) so small or unimportant as to be easily disregarded — vernachlässigbar

negligible

Urban Renewal

100

to go through, to experience; erfahren, durchgehen

to undergo

200

(adj.) neglected, (especially of a building or area) in a poor or neglected state; vernachlässigt, runtergekommen

run-down

300

to do very well, to thrive; aufblühen

to flourish

400

to bring in;  to officially force a rule, tax, punishment, etc. to be obeyed; verhängen

to impose

500

to go up by a lot; hochschnellen

to soar

Grammar

100

What are the signal words for the present perfect? (JEANY)

Just, ever, always/already, never, yet

200

Use the past perfect continuous in an example.

I had been travelling for a month when I ran out of money.

300

Use the past simple, past continuous and past perfect in a two sentence story

She had already finished^{past perfect} her homework when her friends called^{simple past} her to come outside.
While they were playing^{past continuous} in the park, it suddenly started to rain.

400

What are the uses of the present perfect? Give three examples to illustrate each

1. Life experiences I have been to NYC.
2. Past action relevant now There has been an accident.
3. Action started before now (still ongoing) I have lived in Berlin for 10 years. 

500

What are the two uses of the present perfect continuous? Give examples.

1. Recent action (finished or unfinished), the results of which can be still perceived in the present (side effect) I am drenched in sweat; I have been doing some sports. 
2. Unfinished action that started in the past (duration) I have been writing emails all day.