A
According to the text, "Enculturation Agents" are the people and institutions that help us learn culture. Which of the following is considered the primary and most influential agent of enculturation?
peer groups
educational system
media and technology
parents and family
Who are parents and family?
Cross-Cultural Validation Studies, Indigenous Cultural Studies, and Cross-Cultural Comparisons.
What are types of Cross-Cultural Research?
Marisol is participating in an exchange program in a highly collectivistic society. During orientation, she is asked to introduce herself to a new group. Which introduction would be most consistent with cultural norms in a collectivistic nation?
a. “I’m very independent and proud of my personal achievements. I like standing out and being unique.”
b. “I’m someone who values my family and works hard to contribute to my group. Being a dependable daughter and teammate is important to me.”
c. “I prefer to focus on my individual goals rather than what others expect of me.”
d. “I define myself mostly by my personal talents and what makes me different from others.”
What is “I’m someone who values my family and works hard to contribute to my group. Being a dependable daughter and teammate is important to me.”?
A researcher compares memory performance between two countries and assumes any differences are due to culture, without considering education systems. This reflects:
ecological validity
cultural attribution fallacy
sampling equivalence
construct bias
What is cultural attribution fallacy?
A manager encourages employees to challenge her ideas and offer alternative solutions. This workplace behavior reflects:
high power distance
low power distance
high uncertainty avoidance
collectivism
What is low power distance?
In a marketing class, students are shown an advertisement featuring a woman drinking coffee in a busy café. Later, they are asked what they remember most clearly.
Alana says, “The woman looked confident and stylish.”
Jiho says, “The café atmosphere felt warm, and the people around her seemed relaxed, which made the scene inviting.”
Jiho’s response best reflects which concept?
a. Analytic perception, because he evaluated the main character
b. Holistic perception, because he focused on the surrounding context and relationships
c. Dispositional attribution, because he inferred personality traits
d. Self-serving bias, because he emphasized positive elements
What is Holistic perception, because he focused on the surrounding context and relationships?
Which parenting style, characterized by high demands and high responsiveness, is often cited in Western research as the most "ideal," though its effectiveness varies across different cultural contexts?
authoritarian
authoritative
permissive
uninvolved
What is authoritative?
Authoritarian, Authoritative, Disengaged/Univolved, and Permissive
What are the Four Parenting Styles Based on the Two Dimensions: Warmth/Responsiveness and Control?
A psychologist studying parenting practices in Japan and the U.S. wants to ensure that "warmth" means the same thing in both cultures. This concern reflects:
linguistic equivalence
response bias
social desirability
ecological fallacy
What is linguistic equivalence?
A culture that emphasizes achievement, competition and material success scores high on:
femininity
collectivism
masculinity
long-term orientation
What is masculinity?
an unique meaning and information system, shared by a group and transmitted across generations, that allows the group to meet basic needs of survival, pursue happiness, and well-being, and derive meaning from life.
What is Culture?
Two employees from different cultural backgrounds watch a short video of a workplace disagreement.
Afterward, Daniel says, “The manager overreacted—she’s clearly impatient.”
Mei says, “The tension probably built up because of the team’s recent deadlines and the pressure everyone has been under.”
What theory is Daniel, who is from America, demonstrating?
What is the Fundamental Attribution Error?
The process by which individuals learn and adopt the ways and manners of their specific culture.
What is enculturation?
A researcher uses a scenario-based task to measure moral reasoning in two cultures. This method is an example of:
experimental manipulation
qualitative interviewing
cross-cultural comparison
cultural priming
What is cross-cultural comparison?
A study presents the Müller-Lyer illusion (two lines of equal length with arrowheads pointing inward or outward) to participants from a Western city and a rural village in a forested region.
Participants from the Western city overestimate the difference in line length, while participants from the rural village are less fooled by the illusion, perceiving the lines more accurately.
This result best demonstrates:
a. Holistic versus analytic perception influenced by cultural experience
b. Universal visual processing across all humans
c. Self-serving bias in perceptual judgments
d. An emic approach to studying cognition
What is Holistic versus analytic perception influenced by cultural experience?
Values, Beliefs, Norms, Attitudes, and Worldviews
What are the Subjective Elements of Culture?
People from East Asian cultures are more likely to exhibit _______ thinking, whereas people from Westen cultures are more likely to exhibit ________thinking.
Holistic; Analytic
Analytic; Holistic
Deductive; Inductive
Abstract; Concrete
What are Holistic; Analytic?
A team of psychologists is studying stress across cultures. Instead of using a standard U.S.-developed stress questionnaire, they first interview members of a rural Thai community to understand how they define and experience stress. They then design a measure based specifically on local meanings and expressions.
This approach best illustrates which perspective?
a. Etic approach, because it assumes stress is universal and comparable across cultures
b. Emic approach, because it develops concepts and measures from within the culture being studied
c. Etic approach, because it avoids cultural bias
d. Emic approach, because it uses the same standardized test everywhere
What is Emic approach, because it develops concepts and measures from within the culture being studied?
A group of researchers wants to study well-being among the Māori people of New Zealand. Instead of applying a Western definition of happiness based on individual achievement and life satisfaction, they collaborate with Māori elders to develop a framework grounded in spiritual connection, community ties, and relationship to the land.
This research approach best reflects:
a. An etic approach, because it assumes well-being is universal
b. Cultural assimilation, because it applies dominant cultural standards
c. Indigenous psychology, because it develops theory rooted in local cultural knowledge
d. Analytic thinking, because it separates individuals from context
What is Indigenous psychology, because it develops theory rooted in local cultural knowledge?
Researchers find that children from Culture A tend to recall their first memories at an earlier age than children from Culture B. Culture A emphasizes sharing personal experiences, storytelling, and discussing emotions with children, whereas Culture B focuses more on group activities and collective experiences rather than individual recollection.
Which explanation best accounts for this difference?
a. Biological differences in memory development across populations
b. Cultural practices influence how and when autobiographical memories are formed and retrieved
c. Children in Culture B have lower intelligence and therefore remember later
d. Language development is unrelated to memory formation
What is Cultural practices influence how and when autobiographical memories are formed and retrieved?
Aspects of life that appear to be consistent across different cultures; and aspects of life that appear to differ across cultures, truths or principles that are culture specific.
What are Etics and Emics?
Power Distance, Uncertainty Avoidance, Individualism/Collectivism, Masculinity/Feminity, and Long/Short-Orientation
What are the Five Hofstede Cultural Dimensions?
Children in Culture A walk earlier than those in Culture B due to daily motor exercises. This difference best illustrates:
Universal developmental timelines
Cultural shaping of development
Biological determinism
Innate motor ability
What is Cultural shaping of development?
A researcher finds that participants in Culture A tend to agree with statements regardless of content. This is an example of:
acquiescence bias
reference-group effect
social desirability
construct bias
What is acquiescence bias?
Lena travels abroad and becomes frustrated that meetings rarely start exactly on time. She tells her friends, “These people are so unprofessional. If they cared about efficiency like we do, they’d run things properly.”
Lena’s reaction best illustrates:
a. Cultural relativism, because she is trying to understand local norms
b. Ethnocentrism, because she is judging another culture by the standards of her own
c. Cultural intelligence, because she recognizes differences
d. Holistic thinking, because she considers context
What is Ethnocentrism, because she is judging another culture by the standards of her own?