chp 1: cell organization
atoms --> molecules --> cell --> tissues --> organs --> organism
what are the three particles of an atom, where are they found, what are their charges?
protons (+1) and neutrons (0) are found in the nucleus
electrons (-1) are found in the electron cloud around the nucleus
explain the process of transcription and translation
DNA -> mRNA in the nucleus (transcription)
--> to the cytoplasm to ribosomes (translation)
--> becomes a protein
What are the layers of the epidermis? What is the full tissue name of the epidermis? Describe the epidermis.
stratum corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, and basale
Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
epidermis has dead, flat cells full of keratin at the surface, with regenerative cells in the lowest level. It has no blood vessels, so it relies on getting nutrients through slow diffusion from nearby connective tissue. It has sparse nerve endings.
Name the 9 abdominal regions
name the opposites of each one:
anterior , superior , lateral , deep ,distal
posterior, inferior, medial, superficial, proximal
What are the differences between acid, base, and salts? What do they have in common?
acids donate protons (H+) in water, bases accept protons (H+), and salts release ions other than OH- and H+.
They are all electrolytes, meaning they release ions in water.
What is the cytoskeleton? What are the three filaments/tubules that make up the cytoskeleton?
network of protein fibers that provides structural support, holds components together, and that acts as a track for moving materials in the cell.
microfilaments - protein actin; maintains cell shape, aids in muscle contraction
intermediate filaments - protein keratin; anchors organelles in place
microtubules - protein tubulin; aids in chromosome movement and movement of materials, acting as "rails"
describe the dermis and its 2 layers
connective tissue; contains blood vessels, smooth muscle, nerves, and sweat and oil glands. It also contains collagen, elastic fibers, reticular fibers, and fibroblasts. Hair follicles and nail roots are found here. top layer has dermal papillae - upward fingerlike extensions
papillary layer - made of areolar tissue; thin with more space for movement of vessels and nerve; allows mobility of leukocytes and defense cells; has small blood vessels;
reticular layer - dense irregular connective tissue; deeper and thicker; has a lot of collagen fibers for elasticity and support
element: sulfur
charge: cation (2+)
atomic mass: 34
# protons, neutrons, electrons?
protons: 16
neutrons:18
electrons: 14
Name 2 organs and a function of the endocrine system
adrenal gland, thyroid, testes, ovaries, pituitary gland, pancreas, etc.
communication via hormones
pH of apple juice is 3. pH of an egg is 8. Which is acidic, which is basic?
milk= pH 6 baking soda = pH 9
how many more times acidic is milk than baking soda?
The apple juice is acidic, the egg is basic
10^3 or 1000 times more acidic
What happens to a cell in hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions?
What happens to a cell (0.9% NaCl) in a solution of 2% NaCl ?
hypertonic - water exits the cell, so the cell crenates
hypotonic - water enters the cell, so the cell lyses and bursts
isotonic - equilibrium; water moving and entering at equal rates
this is a hypertonic solution, so water would leave the cell, causing it to crenate.
What are the 3 phases of the hair cycle?
Where do cells in the hair originate from? In the nail?
anagen, catagen, telogen
hair matrix; nail matrix
describe cyanosis, erythema, and pallor. What is a cause of each?
cyanosis - blue from lack of O2 in blood caused from lung diseases, chocking, cold weather, cardiac arrest
erythema - abnormal redness (vasodilation); caused from sunburns, emotions, exercise, hot weather
pallor - pale ashy color from decreased blood flow, making the white from collagen visible; caused by shock, anemia, cold, decreased blood pressure, stress
Name 2 organs and a function of the urinary system
elimination of nitrogenous waste products
urethra, ureters, kidneys, bladder
What are the three types of lipids? Describe them.
Triglycerides- insulate and protect body tissues/organs from mechanical trauma; major source of stored energy; found in fat deposits; saturated vs unsaturated;
phospholipids- material for building cell membranes; amphipathic;
steroids- used in cell membranes, raw material for vitamin D, steroid hormones, and bile salts; cell-cell communication; cholesterol
Enzymes lowering the activation energy does what?
how do enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction?
speeds up the reaction
add ATP and align substrates to fit precisely in the enzyme's conformation, bending molecules to encourage bonds to shift. This makes it easier for the reaction to occur.
describe the difference between merocrine (eccrine) and apocrine sweat glands.
what are 3 other glands?
merocrine - most of our glands; mainly for thermoregulation to cool the body; found all over body
apocrine - found in groin, pits, etc.; release a thick, milky sweat especially prominent during puberty
sebaceous (oil), mammary (milk), ceruminous (wax)
describe the 2 types of melanin and what colors they pertain to.
what is the hair shape and melanin type of someone with brown, wavy hair?
Eumelanin (dark, black/brown) pheomelanin (reddish, yellow)
their hair is oval and has a high amount of eumelanin
List the 4 abdominal quadrants and an organ found in each one.
What are the monomers of carbohydrates, give an example; what are carbohydrates used for?
monosaccharides (glucose, ribose, fructose)
cellular fuel to make ATP; used in cell structure (membrane) as cellular ID tags
describe active transport: what crosses and how; give an example
movement against the concentration gradient requires energy. Requires proteins as pumps (need ATP). Most ions cross this way and other specific molecules. Ex: Ca 2+ and Na+
ex: sodium potassium pump (Na+-K+ ATPase)
Name the 5 cell types of the epidermis and their functions.
stem cells - stratum basale; undifferentiated; serve to replenish keratinocytes; they replicate and are actively in cell division.
keratinocytes - provide protection from abrasion; full of keratin; found throughout all the layers.
melanocytes - stratum basale; produce melanin, which protects against UV. Cell has finger-like projections.
tactile cells/merkel - stratum basale; touch receptor cells associated with dermal nerve fibers. release neurotransmitters into the dermis. Fingerpads and face have a lot of these cells.
dendritic cells/Langerhans - stratum spinulosum and granulosum; macrophages, "first line of defense;" tree-like; can move so can easily get nutrients
Name the components of the plasma membrane and their functions.
phospholipids - amphipathic; regulates passage into and out of the cell, allowing nonpolar substances to cross easily and keeping polar substances out.
proteins - form attachment points and junctions, passages, channels, receptors, and enzymes. (peripheral vs integral proteins)
carbohydrates - cell-cell recognition, cellular "ID" tags
cholesterol - holds phospholipids together, regulates membrane density/rigidity