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What are the four major types of biomolecules found in living organisms?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
Which biomolecule serves as the main source of energy for cells?
Carbohydrates
What elements are commonly found in carbohydrates?
Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Oxygen (O)
What is the monomer of proteins?
Amino acids
What type of biomolecule are enzymes classified as?
Proteins
What type of reaction breaks down polysaccharides into smaller sugars?
Hydrolysis
This polysaccharide is found in the cell walls of plants and gives them structural support.
cellulose
This type of lipid makes up most of the cell membrane and has hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.
phospholipids
This molecule carries the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, and reproduction of all living organisms.
DNA
This molecule stores and releases energy by breaking off one of its phosphate groups to form ADP.
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
What is the general formula for carbohydrates?
Cₙ(H₂O)ₙ or more simply written as (CH₂O)ₙ,
What is released when ATP is converted to ADP and a phosphate group?
energy
What process allows ADP to be converted back into ATP using energy from food molecules?
Phosphorylation
What biomolecule is most commonly broken down to produce ATP in cellular respiration?
Glucose (a carbohydrate)
What biomolecule provides more than twice the energy per gram compared to carbohydrates and proteins, but is harder to break down?
Lipids (fats)
In the ATP molecule, which part stores the most energy?
The bonds between the phosphate groups (especially the last two)
What are the building blocks of proteins?
amino acids
Fructose, glucose, and galactose are examples of what type of carbohydrate?
Monosaccharides
When two glucose molecules join together, what disaccharide is formed?
Maltose
Sucrose, or table sugar, is composed of which two monosaccharides?
Glucose and fructose
Explain what happens to the ATP molecule when energy is used by the cell.
ATP loses one phosphate group and becomes ADP, releasing energy for cellular work.
Why is the ATP-ADP cycle important for muscle contraction?
It provides the energy needed for muscle fibers to contract and relax.
What is the storage form of glucose in plants?
Starch
A steroid is an example of what type of biomolecule?
Lipid
What molecule is formed when ATP loses one phosphate group?
ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate)