Cancer Chapter
What are the three checkpoints in the cell cycle?
G1, G2, and M
During which stage of the cell cycle do the chromosomes duplicate?
Interphase
What nitrogenous base is unique to DNA?
Thymine
Which molecules are the products of aerobic respiration?
Carbon Dioxide and Water
At a cellular level, photosynthesis occurs where?
The chloroplast
What are internal and external signals?
Internal signals – insure that stages occur normally.
External signals – tell the cell whether or not to divide.
What is apoptosis?
Programmed cell death.
What nitrogenous base is unique to RNA?
Uracil
What is another name for the citric acid cycle?
Krebs Cycle
What are the raw materials required for photosynthesis?
Carbon Dioxide and Water
What are growth factors?
Signal molecules stimulate the cell cycle
If the cell stops at a checkpoint and damage is found what would happen?
It would undergo apoptosis
In semiconservative DNA replication, each new double helix formed will have
An old (parent strand) and a new strand.
What are the reactants and substrates for cellular respiration?
Glucose and Oxygen
What tissue is specialized for photosynthesis in leaves?
Mesophylls
What are proto-oncogenes?
They encode proteins that promote the cell cycle and prevent apoptosis?
What are the stages of mitosis?
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
Where is the anticodon found in the translation process?
on the tRNA
What are the four phases of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis, Preparatory Reaction, Citric Acid Cycle, Electron Transport Chain
Why are plant leaves green?
They reflect green wavelengths of light
What are oncogenes?
Mutated proto-oncogenes that become cancerous.
If the diploid chromosome number is 16, the chromosome number of each gamete will be
8
What are the three enzymes that aid in DNA replication, and what do they do?
DNA Helicase - unzips parent strand
DNA Polymerase - Builds back up new strand
DNA Ligase - seals breaks, acts as glue
Muscles undergo fermentation when
No oxygen is available
What are the two reactions of photosynthesis?
Light Reaction and Calvin cycle reaction
What are tumor suppressor genes?
•Encode proteins that stop the cell cycle and promote apoptosis
•Act like brakes on a car – inhibit progression through cell cycle
•Mutation causes the “brakes” to not work
Where do crossing over and independent assortment happen?
Crossing over - Prophase 1
Independent assortment - Anaphase 1
What are the three steps in making a polypeptide? Explain each step.
Initiation - Elongation - Termination
Where is the electron transport chain located in the mitochondria?
The Cristae
What are the stages of the Calvin cycle?
carbon dioxide fixation, carbon dioxide reduction, and regeneration of RuBP
Describe the p53 gene
Mutated in more than 50% of all cancers
Transcription factor that controls genes for cell cycle inhibitors
Promotes apoptosis
Mutated form cannot bind DNA to cause transcription of gene to inhibit cell division
In the human life cycle, fertilization results in
A zygote
What are the four causes of mutations covered in class?
Errors in replication, mutagens, transposons, and Viruses
What phase of cellular respiration produces the most ATP?
The electron transport chain
The Calvin cycle reactions are dependent upon a supply of
carbon dioxide, NADPH, and ATP.
What are some characteristics of cancer cells?
Cancer cells do not correctly regulate the cell cycle.
Cancer cells are genetically unstable.
Cancer cells can escape the signals for cell death.
Cancer cells can survive and proliferate elsewhere in the body.
What is animal and plant cytokinesis called?
Animal - Cleavage Furrow
Plant - formation of cell wall plate
Describe the other effects of mutations that were discussed.
Point mutations - sickle cell amneia
Substitutions - silent, abnormal...
Frameshift - insertion and deletion
Pyruvate can be converted to lactate instead of going to the preparatory reaction. Why does this occur?
Because oxygen is not available.
Water is split and oxygen is released in
the noncyclic electron pathway.