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Variables
Observations
Experimental vs. Nonexperimental
Reliability
Validity
100
This type of variable describes characteristics of the environment, such as number of windows in a room.
Situation variable
100
1. ___________ research typically uses numerical data, whereas __________ research typically uses verbal descriptions.
Quantitative; qualitative
100
What is random assignment?
Experimenter randomly assigns participants to groups/conditions to minimize the effects of extraneous variables.
100
As measurement error increases, reliability _________.
Decreases
100
What type of validity involves the ability to generalize the findings of a study to other populations and settings?
External validity
200
What type of definition describes how a variable is measured?
Operational definition
200
___________ observation employs a strict coding scheme, while __________ observation describes the population of interest and their surroundings.
Systematic; naturalistic
200
Experimental design involves manipulation of the independent variable(s), while holding all extraneous variables constant. This is known as what?
Experimental control
200
This measure of reliability requires that 2 separate observers rate a behavior.
Interrater reliability
200
In a laboratory setting in which the experimenter has control over all of his/her variables, what type of validity would expected to be high?
Internal validity
300
A researcher finds that children’s socioeconomic status predicts their academic performance, but that this relationship is affected by the school they attend. What is the mediating variable?
School they attend
300
Mary finds that when she observes 1st graders in their classroom, their behavior changes due to her presence. This problem is known as __________.
Reactivity
300
A correlation coefficient measures the _______ and ___________ of a relationship between 2 variables.
Strength (magnitude) and direction
300
This reliability measure is the correlation of each item with every other item on the test.
Chronbach's alpha
300
This type of validity involves the appearance that a measure in accurately measuring a construct, but no research is needed to achieve this type of validity.
Face validity
400
As stress increases, students’ test performance also increases; however, once stress reaches a certain level, test performance begins to decrease. What type of relationship exists between stress and test performance?
Curvilinear
400
Which type of archival research utilizes past surveys to answer a new research question?
Survey archives
400
If Robert found a correlation of -.95 between age and happiness, what would he conclude?
There is a strong negative relationship between age and happiness. As one gets older, their happiness diminishes.
400
Chris gives a questionnaire assessing patience to participants. Three months later, he gives a different questionnaire assessing patience to the same participants. What measure of reliability did he use?
Alternate forms
400
Whereas __________ validity is high is 2 measures of similar constructs are highly correlated, _________ validity is high if 2 measures of different constructs are not highly correlated.
Convergent; discriminant
500
An experimenter measured the effect of gender on perception knowledge. Participants either listened to a male or female doctor give instructions, and then rated how knowledgeable they perceived the doctor to be. What are the independent and dependent variables?
Independent: Gender of the doctor; Dependent: Perceptions of knowledge
500
Which type of archival research employs a strict coding scheme, much like systematic observation?
Content analysis
500
DAILY DOUBLE: What are two limitations of nonexperimental design?
Direction of causality and 3rd variable problem
500
Lauren develops a 10-question survey assessing attitudes on healthcare. She computes the correlation between the first 5 items to the second 5 items to see how strongly the answers relate. What measure of reliability did she use?
Split-half
500
_________ validity examines the relationship between a measure of a construct and some criterion or behavior at the same time; ________ validity measures the relationship between a measure of a construct and some criterion or behavior at different times.
Concurrent; Predictive