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Immunity
Immunity
Lymphatic
Lymphatic
Blood Vessels
100
What are plasma cells?
matured B-cells that produce antibodies
100
What are the two main branches of immunity?
innate and adaptive
100
What are the components and overall function of the lymphatic system?
lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes. Drains interstitial fluid, return plasma proteins to blood, transport dietary fat (lacteals)
100
What is the structure and function of the spleen?
It is made of white pulp and red pulp, it is encapsulated. it is located on the left side of the body closely associated with the stomach. it removes old/non functional RBCs and platelets and removes debris and foreign material from the blood.
100
What is circulatory shock and how can it be caused?
hypovolemic (low blood volume), cardiogenic (poor heart fxn), vascular shock (vasodilation to the extreme)
200
How are cytotoxic T cells, Helper T cells, and memory T-cells different from one another?
cytotoxic T-cell are the cells that directly distort cells, helper T-cells activate other B-cells, cytotoxic T-cells, and macrophages. Memory T-cells are the cells reserved for a second infection and proliferated into many T-cells
200
Compare/contrast innate and adaptive immunity
innate- quick process, nonspecific, present at birth. adaptive- slower response, acquired, systemic, specific, has memory
200
What is the pathway of lymph flow?
lymphatic capillaries, collecting lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymphatic trunk, lymphatic duct, venus system (dumps into subclavian vein and internal jugular)
200
Describe the structure of the different lymph vessels
capillaries: blind-ended, overlapping endothelial cells (1 layer), mini valves, highly permeable, in tissues and capillary beds. collecting vessels: have valves, similar to veins but have thinner walls and more valves, has very low pressure. lymphatic trunk: drains specific regions of the body. Lymphatic ducts (right and thoracic): right collects from right upper limb , head and thorax, thoracic collects everywhere else.
200
Describe the capillary bed and how blood flow and pressure are different in capillary beds.
terminal arteriole, metarterole (true capillaries some where between) and thoroughfare channel (vascular shunt), venoule. blood flow is slowest in capillary beds and blood pressure is generally somewhere between arterial pressure and veinous pressure.
300
What is a dendritic cell's role in adaptive immunity?
Dendritic cells (among other phagocytes) are antigen presenting cells
300
In what ways does fever and inflammation help the innate immune system?
fever- inhibits microbial growth, and increase metabolism. inflammation prevents spread of damage, disposes of pathogens and injured tissue, sets up for repair, and alerts adaptive immunity
300
How does the structure of lymph nodes help with filtration of lymph?
There are more afferent than efferent vessels, so it provides for longer time of lymph in the lymph node.
300
Where does lymph come from?
lymph comes from interstitial fluid in the tissues
300
How is blood pressure regulated (3 ways) and what are factors that contribute to blood pressure?
neural, hormal (both short term control) and renal (long term control)
400
Describe the structure of an antibody monomer, and name the five classes of anti-bodies, and explain the characteristics of antibodies
an antibody monomer is a Y shaped of polypeptides. There are IgGs, IgAs, IgMs, IgDs, and IgEs. IgGs are the type found most in the blood, can cross the placenta. IgA are suppressed during stress, in mucous secretion and prevent pathogen entry. IgM are the first antibodies produced and active complement and agglutination. IgD are on the surface of B-cells (they are unique in that they are not secreted). IgE triggers histamine release from mast cells and basophils.
400
Describe the origin, maturation process, and general function of B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes.
B-cells: bone marrow, bone marrow, secondary sites for antigen exposure (lymph nodes, bvs), encounter antigen produce plasma cells (produce antibodies) and/or memory cells (for next exposure). T-cells: Bone marrow, thymus, secondary sites (lymph nodes, bvs), bind APCs, produce memory T (for nest exposure) and helper(activate b cells cytotoxic and macrophages)/ cytotoxic T (bind target cells, release performs, and granzymes to directly destroy cells) cells
400
Describe the basic structure and cellular makeup of lymphoid tissue
Mostly reticular connective tissue. Made up of two types of tissues; diffuse lymphoid tissue: low organization and lymphoid follicles:high organization fibers in a solid nodule, with germinal centers
400
List the types of lymphoid organs and tissues
spleen, thymus, tonsils, lymph nodes, MALT, peyer's patches
400
Compare/contrast structure & fxn of the three types of arteries
elastic: thick walled, elastin in all 3 layers, large lumen, closer to the heart, act as pressure reservoirs. Muscular:distal to elastic, thick tunica media (more smooth muscle), smaller lumen, distributing arteries. arterioles: smallest arteries, lead to capillary beds, control blood flow into capillaries, farthest from the heart.
500
What are the chemical barriers we discussed in the chapter that have to do with innate immunity?
acid, lysozyme, antimicrobial peptides, sebum, tears, saliva
500
The mother of all questions... Make an image to represent the ways in which the innate and adaptive immune systems may interact (include different cell types like T & B cells, APCs, phagocytes, and antigens, antibodies, complement, etc..)
Big elaborate image :)
500
Draw and image of a lymph node
see image :)
500
What are the overall functions of lymphoid tissues and organs
site for lymphocyte proliferation and maturation, surveillance site for lymphocytes and macrophages.
500
Compare and contrast the structure and function of veins and arteries.
Veins: carry blood to the heart, valves, thin walled, larger lumen, different tissue composition, thicker tunica externa, lower blood pressure. Arteries: carry blood away from the heart, no valves, thicker walled, smaller lumen size, different tissue comp, thinner tunica externa, larger tunica media, higher blood pressure.