Act Establishment
Passed in 1862 but fueling settlement from 1865-1898, this act granted 160 acres of public land to settlers for a small fee if they improved the land.
Homestead Act
Founded in 1869, this early national union sought to organize all workers (skilled and unskilled) regardless of race or gender.
Knight of Labor
The primary animal resource for Plains Indians, which was nearly eradicated by 1890.
Buffaloes
This type of reform aimed to soften the harsh conditions of industrialization for workers.
Social reforms
This New York City Democratic political machine held power for decades by catering to immigrant voters.
Tammany Hall
This 1890 act was the first federal attempt to regulate big business and break up monopolies that restrained trade.
Sherman Antitrust Act
This term, coined by Mark Twain, describes the period 1865-1898 as sparkling on the surface but corrupt underneath.
Gilded Age
Tracts of land, often undesirable, where Native Americans were forced to live after losing their traditional hunting grounds.
Reservations
This term describes the rise of cities and the challenges in housing, sanitation, and transportation they faced.
Urbanizations
This, the 1883 law, was passed to reform the civil service system following the assassination of President Garfield.
Pendleton Act
This 1887 law aimed to "Americanize" Native Americans by breaking up tribal lands into individual plots, resulting in a massive loss of land.
Dawes Severalty Act
This philosophy, derived from Charles Darwin, was used to justify the vast wealth of industrialists and the low wages of workers.
Social Darwinism
Passed in 1887, this act aimed to assimilate Native Americans by breaking up reservations and allotting land to individuals.
Dawes Act
Wisconsin governor was a leader in progressive state-level reforms to regulate big business.
Robert LaFollette
Political machines often provided these new arrivals with jobs, housing, and social services in exchange for their votes.
Immigrants
Enacted in 1882, this was the first significant federal law restricting immigration, specifically targeting a certain nationality.
Chinese Exclusion Act
Andrew Carnegie wrote this essay arguing that the wealthy had a moral obligation to act as trustees of their money for the public good.
Gospel of Wealth
Schools for Native Americans who were forced to attend, where they were forced to cut their hair and not speak their native language.
Indian Boarding Schools
The primary goal of many progressives was to reduce the power of these local political organizations.
Political machines
This term describes the dirty, overcrowded apartments that were often the focus of machine assistance programs.
Tenements
Ratified in 1865, this amendment officially abolished slavery throughout the United States.
13th Amendment
This term was used to describe industrialists who used ruthless tactics to eliminate competition and exploit workers.
Ruber Barons
This 14th Amendment clause "excluding Indians not taxed" prevented most Native Americans from voting in the 19th century.
Indians not taxed clause
The political movement that preceded and heavily influenced Progressivism by fighting for farmers and laborers.
Populist Parties
This ethnic group in New York City became particularly powerful within the leadership of Tammany Hall.
Irish