Reformation
This German monk started the Protestant Reformation in 1517.
Who is Martin Luther?
This Italian sailed for Spain in 1492, reaching the Caribbean.
Who is Christopher Columbus?
A Spanish explorer/soldier/adventure
What is a conquistador?
This English philosopher believed in natural rights to life, liberty, and property.
Who is John Locke?
Romanticism was a reaction against this earlier intellectual movement.
What is the Enlightenment?
This Catholic practice of paying to reduce time in purgatory was criticized by Luther.
What are Indulgences?
The main 3 motivations for exploration were often
What are God, Gold, and Glory?
What is the name of a mixed raced person in colonial Mexico?
what is a Mestizo?
This philosopher criticized organized religion and promoted freedom of speech.
Who is Voltaire?
The Key features of Romanticism are ...
This Catholic meeting (1545–1563) reformed church practices and reaffirmed Catholic doctrine.
What is the Council of Trent?
This term describes the exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between the Old and New Worlds.
What is the Columbian Exchange?
This labor system forced Indigenous people to work for Spanish landowners.
What is the encomienda system?
This philosopher argued that people are naturally selfish and need a strong ruler.
Who is Thomas Hobbes?
This composer’s music bridged Classical and Romantic styles, with symphonies like the Ninth.
Who is Ludwig van Beethoven?
Explain one key theological difference between Protestants and Catholics.
Protestants often emphasized sola fide (salvation by faith alone) and sola scriptura (Bible as the highest authority), while Catholics emphasized Church tradition and the pope’s authority.
Describe one major impact of European exploration on indigenous American peoples.
Many indigenous peoples suffered population decline because of diseases (like smallpox), warfare, and conquest brought by Europeans, and their societies were often disrupted or destroyed.
Spanish society in the Americas was organized by this.
What is a racial/social hierarchy or caste system?
This philosopher believed in the separation of powers in government.
Who is Montesquieu?
Romantic painter and poets usually portrayed nature as ...
What is powerful, mysterious, and spiritual?
Name one political or social effect of the Reformation in Europe.
The Reformation weakened the uniform authority of the Catholic Church, led to religious wars and divisions, and helped some monarchs gain more power over religion in their countries.
What was the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)?
It was an agreement, brokered by the pope, that divided newly discovered lands outside Europe between Spain and Portugal along an imaginary line.
Name of the artifact that led to the conversion of 8 to 10 million indigenous people within a decade.
What is the Tilma of Guadalupe?
“Every man has a property in his own person. This nobody has any right to but himself.”
“Men being... by nature, all free, equal, and independent, no one can be... subjected to the political power of another, without his own consent.”
Who is John Locke?
Describe one social or political effect Romanticism had in the 19th century.
Romanticism helped fuel nationalism by celebrating folk culture and shared history, and it also inspired sympathy for the common people.