Social Identity Theory
A persons social identity comes from...
The groups they view themselves as a part of
The Odden and Rochat study exemplifies this type of observational learning
Indirect
A stereotype is...
a social perception of an individual in terms of groups membership or physical attributes
What is the Social Cognitive Theory?
The social cognitive theory says that every social group develops norms which people pick up through observation and that when people act outside of these norms they are treated differently
These are usually passed down through generations, and developed through observational learning. They include ideas about marriage, death, parenting, etc.
Cultural norms- the behaviors that are typical within a certain group
What does the social identity theory say?
People may think more or less about themselves based on how the groups they are a part of perform
The Rogers and Franz study found that the longer individuals lived in a group they were more or less like to believe in stereotypes?
The concept that says we have a tendency to see and remember information that confirms out beliefs and ignore information that doesn't
Confirmation bias ***Bonus points if you can name/explain the study which aimed to text confirmation bias about peoples personalities +200
Explain direct and indirect ways people pick up norms
Direct observation means people are taught or shown norms through someone modeling it for them
Indirect observation means people learned from just watching others
Enculturation is.....
the process of adopting or internalizing the schemas of your culture (*** Bonus if you can explain what a gatekeeper is in enculturation +100)
The three parts of the social identity theory are?
1. Categorization
2. Comparison
3. Changes in Esteem
This study opposes the social cognitive theory because it did not find that children became more aggresive after being exposed to television
Charlton, the study that introduced TV in St.Helena island and used cameras to watch for aggressive behavior on the playgrounds
The stereotype threat is__________ and it can lead to ________________
The stereotype threat is the threat of being judged in a stereotypical way or acting in a way that will confirm a stereotype about a group you are a part of. The stereotype threat can affect performance based on pressure about stereotypes (****bonus if you can name what this affect on performance is called OR describe it in a situation +100)
Name the four factors of the SCT
1.Attention
2.Retention
3.Motivation
4.Potential
Explain individualism and collectivism
Individualist cultures value themselves and have a loose group connection- things like freedom, privacy, and challenges are important
Collectivist cultures value groups and families and aim to make them proud. Loyalty and honor are important
***Bonus if you can provide an example of one of these cultural dimensions +100)
Describe how things like stereotyping, favoritism, and discrimination can be explained with SIT
Social identity theory says that individuals categorize themselves into in-groups and out-groups and will tend to compare themselves to the out-group and believe that the group they are in is better
Explain the Asch paradigm, what was Asch testing, what were the results
Asch was testing conformity by asking participants to compare the lengths of lines in the prescence of others who stated a particular answer. Most participants conformed to the group at least once.
***Bonus if you can define the two influences that might lead people to conform- Informational Social influence and Normative Social influence
+200
Name and explain one way a stereotype can form AND one way a stereotype can stick
Ways they form:
Sociocultural learning, social categorization, cognitive bias
Ways they stick:
Confirmation bias, the 'grain of truth' hypothesis, Illusory correlations
In SCT, name and explain a factor that might impact motivation (+50 bonus points if you can name more than one)
-Identification with the model
-The personality of the model, are they liked?
What are the 4 strategies that someone might adopt when they are faced with new cultures and go through acculturation?
1. Assimilation
2. Integration
3. Separation
4. Marginalization
Identify and explain a limitation of the social identity theory
-Hard to predict what social identity people view as most important
-Things like importance of identity and feelings toward groups can be hard to measure
-Studies often have low ecological validity (***bonus if you can define ecological validity +100)
-It can leave out environmental factors that make the situation more complicated (***bonus if you can name some environmental factors that might impact social identity theory)
Explain the concept of enculturation using a study
Could possibly use Greenfield or Odden and Rochat
Describe the findings of the Steele & Aronson (1995) study
Steele and Aronson found that when giving a test to African Americans and European Americans, African Americans performed worse when told the test was 'ability' but performed at the same level when told the test was 'problem solving'
Explain limitations of the research on the SCT
-Sometimes observed behaviors might not be repeated immediately, it could take days, months, or even years
-The research is mostly correlational
-It is very hard to measure some of the factors involved like attention, motivation, and an individuals self-efficacy (***bonus if you can define self-efficacy +100)
Explain how culture impacts memory based on the study by Cole and Scribner with children
Children who went to school were taught to memorize while children who did not attend school were not taught this skill, the lack of schooling impacted the ability for them to memorize lists of words