HEART
Heart, Blood, Blood Vessels
What are the structures of the Cardiovascular system
This outermost layer of the heart protects and anchors it within the thoracic cavity
What is the fibrous pericardium?
Give me 6 Jeopardy formatted answer/question about heart membranes/walls going easy to hard
What is the right atrium
This type of muscle is involuntary, striated, and found in the heart
What is Cardiac Muscle
These blood vessels carry blood away from the heart.
What are arteries?
These cells are responsible for transporting oxygen throughout the body using hemoglobin.
What are red blood cells (erythrocytes)?
This condition occurs when fatty plaques build up inside arteries, narrowing them and reducing blood flow.
What is atherosclerosis?
This fluid, derived from interstitial fluid, is transported through the lymphatic vessels before returning to the bloodstream.
What is lymph?
These immune system cells help defend the body against infections, foreign invaders, and abnormal cells.
What are leukocytes (white blood cells)?
The nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, and pharynx make up this part of the respiratory system.
What is the upper respiratory tract?
These muscles, located in the neck, attach from the transverse processes of cervical vertebrae to the first and second ribs and assist with lateral flexion and elevate the ribs during inspiration.
What are the scalenes?
Where is the heart located
That membrane that lines cavities to the outside
Mucous
This valve prevents backflow of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium.
What is the tricuspid valve?
This is the contraction phase of the cardiac cycle
What is Systole
These tiny blood vessels allow the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste between blood and tissues.
What are capillaries?
This is the primary site where red blood cells are produced.
What is Red bone marrow?
This is a stationary blood clot that forms inside a blood vessel and can obstruct circulation.
What is a thrombus?
These small, bean-shaped structures filter lymph and contain immune cells that help fight infections.
What are lymph nodes?
These white blood cells help fight parasitic infections and play a role in allergic reactions by reducing inflammation.
What are eosinophils?
These two terms describe normal breathing and difficulty breathing.
What are eupnea and dyspnea?
These muscles, found between the ribs, attach from the inferior border of one rib to the superior border of the rib below and aid in breathing by expanding and contracting the ribcage.
What are the intercostals?
the main transport fluid in the body
What is Blood
This layer of the heart wall contains cardiac muscle tissue and is responsible for contraction.
What is the myocardium?
This chamber of the heart pumps oxygenated blood into the systemic circulation through the aorta.
What is the left ventricle?
We hear the Cardiac cycle as
What is Lub Dub, Pause?
These blood vessels have valves to prevent backflow and carry blood toward the heart.
What are veins?
These small, cell fragments play a key role in blood clotting by forming a temporary plug at injury sites.
What are platelets (thrombocytes)?
This occurs when a blood clot or other substance travels through the bloodstream and lodges in a vessel, blocking blood flow.
What is an embolism?
This organ, located in the upper left abdomen, filters blood, removes old red blood cells, and helps initiate immune responses.
What is the spleen?
This type of granulocyte is the most abundant white blood cell and specializes in engulfing and destroying bacteria.
What are neutrophils?
This dome-shaped muscle contracts to create negative pressure, allowing air to enter the lungs.
What is the diaphragm?
This small muscle behind the knee attaches from the lateral condyle of the femur to the posterior surface of the tibia and unlocks the knee joint to allow flexion.
What is the popliteus?
Name 2 things the Heart transports
Oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide and wastes, and chemical messengers
This thin, inner layer of the pericardium produces serous fluid to reduce friction between the heart and surrounding structures.
What is the serous pericardium?
This valve prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle after it has been pumped into the aorta.
What is the aortic valve?
This phase of the cardiac cycle occurs when the heart muscle relaxes and the chambers fill with blood.
What is diastole?
This largest artery in the body carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body.
What is the aorta?
This process describes the stoppage of bleeding and involves platelets, clotting factors, and vascular changes.
What is hemostasis?
This term refers to a free-floating clot or debris that travels through the bloodstream
What is an embolus?
These two primary lymphatic organs are responsible for the production and maturation of lymphocytes.
What are the bone marrow and thymus?
These white blood cells release histamine to promote inflammation and help mediate allergic reactions.
What are basophils?
This is the correct pathway oxygen takes from the nose to the alveoli.
What is the nasal cavity → pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli?
This muscle, which attaches from the superior ramus of the pubis to the pectineal line of the femur, is responsible for adduction and flexion of the thigh at the hip joint.
What is the pectineus?
The Heart regulates these 4 things
What are temperature, Water content, and PH
This fluid-filled space is located between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium, reducing friction as the heart beats.
What is the pericardial cavity?
This is the name of the semilunar valve that prevents backflow from the pulmonary trunk into the right ventricle.
What is the pulmonary valve?
This structure, located in the right atrium near the opening of the superior vena cava, serves as the primary pacemaker of the heart by generating electrical impulses that regulate cardiac rhythm
What is the sinoatrial (SA) node?
This term describes a connection between two or more blood vessels that provides an alternate pathway for blood flow.
What is an anastomosis?
This condition occurs when the body lacks enough healthy red blood cells to carry oxygen, leading to fatigue and weakness.
What is anemia?
This condition occurs when a weakened area in a blood vessel wall bulges outward and is at risk of rupture.
What is an aneurysm?
This is the main function of the lymphatic system, helping to maintain fluid balance, absorb dietary fats, and defend against infections.
What is immune defense and fluid regulation?
These white blood cells can differentiate into plasma cells, which produce antibodies to fight infections.
What are B-cells?
These are the four processes of respiration that involve oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange.
What are pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, internal respiration, and cellular respiration?
This deep spinal muscle of the transversospinalis group spans four to six vertebral segments, originating from the transverse processes of lower vertebrae and inserting on the spinous processes of upper thoracic and cervical vertebrae.
What is the semispinalis?
The Hearts Defense
What is Disease and Damaged Blood vessels
This delicate, smooth membrane lines the inside of the heart chambers and covers the heart valves.
What is the endocardium?
This structure, located between the left atrium and left ventricle, is also known as the bicuspid valve.
What is the mitral valve?
When the atria relax, this happens to the ventricles.
What is ventricular contraction?
This network of small blood vessels supplies the walls of large arteries and veins with oxygen and nutrients.
What is the vasa vasorum?
This genetic disorder impairs the blood’s ability to clot due to missing or defective clotting factors.
What is hemophilia?
This medical term describes a stroke, which occurs when blood supply to the brain is disrupted, leading to brain cell damage.
What is a cerebrovascular accident (CVA)?
This type of cancer originates in the lymphatic system and affects lymphocytes, leading to abnormal immune function.
What is lymphoma?
These white blood cells develop in the bone marrow but mature in the thymus, playing a central role in cell-mediated immunity.
What are T-cells?
These muscles, including the internal intercostals and abdominal muscles, are responsible for
What are the muscles of expiration?
This deep spinal muscle originates from the sacrum, posterior iliac spine, and transverse processes and attaches to the spinous processes of vertebrae spanning two to four levels, playing a crucial role in spinal stabilization.
What is the multifidus?
In this type of circulatory system, blood is confined within vessels, continuously circulating through the heart and body without directly bathing the organs.
What is a closed circulatory system?
This term describes inflammation of the pericardium, which can lead to excess fluid buildup, restricting heart movement.
What is pericarditis?
This thick muscular wall separates the left and right ventricles, preventing oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood from mixing.
What is the interventricular septum?
This event marks the beginning of the cardiac cycle by initiating an electrical impulse that spreads through the heart.
What is the SA node generating an action potential?
This is the innermost layer of an artery or vein, consisting of endothelial cells that provide a smooth surface for blood flow.
What is the tunica intima? or Endothelium
These are the three sequential steps of hemostasis that prevent excessive blood loss after injury.
What are vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and coagulation?
This life-threatening condition occurs when a blood clot blocks an artery in the lungs, leading to difficulty breathing and reduced oxygen levels.
What is a pulmonary embolism?
Unlike lymph nodes, these small, unencapsulated structures are clusters of lymphatic tissue found in mucosal membranes and help trap pathogens.
What are lymph nodules?
These large, agranular white blood cells can leave the bloodstream and differentiate into macrophages, which engulf pathogens and dead cells.
What are monocytes?
This term refers to the volume of air that remains in the lungs after a forceful exhalation, preventing lung collapse.
What is residual volume?
The smallest and deepest of the transversospinalis muscles, this muscle group spans only one to two vertebrae, originating from the transverse processes and inserting on the lamina and spinous processes just above.
What are the rotatores?