Module 13
What does the first Law of Thermodynamics tell us? (pg. 449)
Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only change forms.
The rate of change of a product in a chemical reaction is called what? (493)
Reaction rate
There are 2 types of Chemical reactions (449)
Endothermic and Exothermic
What is the definition of "activation energy" (pg 468)
The energy necessary to start a chemical reaction
In experiment 14.1 we learned that an increase in temperature causes an increase in what? (494-496)
The chemical reaction rate.
On page 477 regarding Gibbs Free energy - innkeeping with the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics - asserts that if a process is to occur, it must result in no change to the entropy of the universe or and increase of the entropy of the universe. Therefore two things must be considered in the process: 1) Not only the entropy of the process but 2)
The entropy of any surroundings that the process effects.
Name the two types of energy (pg. 449)
Potential and Kinetic
Why do chemical reactions never actually finish?
Because the reactants never COMPLETELY go away - the reaction just gets imperceptively slower and slower...
What are the two types of catalysts (515)?
Heterogeneous
Homogeneous
In some chemical reactions, some of the potential energy that is stored in the reactants is converted into kinetic energy. This kinetic energy then heats the things surrounding the reaction. This is an example of what kind of reaction? (449)
Exothermic
What unique quality do catalysts have in a reaction? (508)
catalysts speed up a reaction rate without getting used up in the reaction.
How does a catalyst speed up a chemical reaction (514)
A catalyst speeds up a reaction by reducing the activation energy of that reaction
What do we call the energy change that accompanies a chemical reaction? (450)
Enthalpy
What four things increase the speed the speed of a chemical reaction? (513)
1) Temperature
2) Concentration of reactants
3) increased surface area of a solid reactant
4) Catalyst
How does the second law of Thermodynamics mitigate the Macroevolution? (pg 472 &475-476).
The entropy of the universe must always increase or remain the same - it can never decrease.
Macroevolution would require ever-decreasing entropy as things evolve into higher order.