Intro to Stats
Set of all individuals of interest in a particular study
What is a population
Sum of all scores divided by number of samples =
What is the Mean
___ equals the mean of squared deviations (average squared distance from the mean)
What is variance (s2)
What is probability
What is estimated standard error
Collection of measurements or observations
Use ___ when dealing with extreme scores or skewed distributions, undetermined values, and open-ended distributions
What is Median
We square each deviation score when calculating SS because...
The ___ indicates that there is NO effect, relationship, or difference
What is The Null Hypothesis
The complete set of t values computed for every possible sample for a specific sample size (n)
What is a t-distribution
A value, usually numerical, that describes a sample
What is a statistic
When mode < Median < Mean, the distribution is...
What is positively skewed
Multiplying/Dividing each score by a constant causes the standard deviation to....
Be multiplied/divided by the same constant
Part of the distribution is composed of the extreme sample values that are very unlikely to be obtained IF the null hypothesis is true
What is the Critical Region
This places a restriction on sample variability so that only n-1 scores in a sample are independent and free to vary
What is degrees of freedom
A research method with 2 characteristics, including manipulation and control of variables
What is Experimental Method
Adding a value higher than the mean to the data set causes the mean to ____
Increase
By dividing SS by n-1, we correct the risk of...
What is BIAS
The probability of obtaining a test statistic a test statistic as extreme or more extreme than that found if H0 is true
What is a p-value
When there is a large t-value, we can conclude
Data are NOT consistent with the null hyposthesis, REJECT H0
___: Qualitative, categorical scale of measurement
___: Ranked categorical data
___: Equal sized, meaningful intervals
___: Equal sized, meaningful intervals with an absolute 0
What is NOIR: Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio
Median is the preferred measure of central tendency when...
1) There are extreme scores
2) skewed distributions
3) Undetermined Values
4) Open Ended Distributions
Multiplying/Dividing each score in the data set by a constant causes the standard deviation to be...
Multiplied/Divided by the SAME constant
____ values for test statistics indicate a ___ large discrepancy between the sample mean and the null hypothesis
Large; Large
Increased variability int he t-distribution leads to (thinker/thinner) tails in the distribution
What is thicker tails