Race and Racism
A socially constructed system that categorizes people based on perceived physical differences
What is race?
The process by which schools transmit societal norms, values, and expectations beyond formal curriculum
What is the hidden curriculum?
Non-financial social assets such as networks and relationships that help individuals succeed
What is social capital
Physical objects created, used, or shared by members of a society.
What is material culture?
An organization that claims a monopoly over the legitimate use of force in a territory
What is the state?
A legal and social rule stating that any African ancestry classified a person as Black in the U.
What is the one-drop rule?
The unequal outcomes in educational performance between different social groups.
What is the achievement gap?
Knowledge, skills, behaviors, and norms valued by dominant institutions like schools
What is cultural capital?
Beliefs, values, language, and symbols shared by a group
What is symbolic culture?
To get someone to do something that they don't want to do.
What is power?
Bias that operates unconsciously and automatically, even when people believe themselves to be fair
What is implicit bias?
The unequal access to resources and opportunities that produce unequal educational outcomes.
What is the opportunity gap
Refers to persistent differences in academic performance between groups of students, often defined by socioeconomic status, race/ethnicity, language background, or disability status.
What is the achievement gap?
Cultural forms valued by elites (e.g., fine art, classical music).
What is high culture?
A political system providing social protections like healthcare, unemployment benefits, and education.
What is the welfare state?
A system of advantage based on race that is embedded in institutions and policies, not just individual actions
What is institutional racism?
The passing on of social class and inequality from one generation to the next through education
What is social reproduction?
The idea that higher income is linked to higher achievement due to access to resources
What is class-based educational inequality?
Widely accessible and consumed cultural forms (e.g., TV, pop music).
✅ What is popular culture?
This criminal organization and the state both provide security at a cost.
What is the mafia?
Internal acceptance by marginalized groups of negative beliefs about their own group.
What is internalized bias?
Schools unofficially grouping and placing students based on perceived ability or background.
What is sorting?
The unintended, unrecognized, or hidden outcome of a social institution, policy, practice, or behavior.
What is a latent function?
The process by which cultural norms produce and reinforce social inequality
How does culture reproduce inequality?
A tie between the state and its citizens
What is citizenship?