Integumentary System
Which layer of the epidermis is only present in thick skin?
Stratum Lucidum
What do osteoblasts and osteoclasts do?
osteoblast: produce and secrete bone matrix
osteoclast: responsible for resorption of bone
List your 4 cranial sutures.
1. coronal suture
2. squamous suture
3. sagittal suture
4. lambdoid suture
Describe the three types of muscle tissue.
skeletal: striated, multi-nucleated, voluntary
cardiac: striated, intercalated discs, single-nucleated, involuntary
smooth: no striations, single-nucleated, involuntary
What are your three functional classes of joints?
synarthroses: immovable
amphiarthroses: slightly movable
diarthroses: freely movable
What are the two layers of the dermis?
papillary and reticular
What is the difference between appositional growth and interstitial growth?
appositional: bone length; chondroblasts in surrounding perichondrium produce new cartilage
interstitial: bone thickness; chondrocytes within cartilage divide and secrete new matrix
How many cranial nerves are there?
12
What do the following connective tissues surround: epimysium, perimysium, endomysium?
epimysium: dense irregular connective tissue surrounding entire muscle
perimysium: thin, dense, irregular connective tissue that surrounds each fascicle (group of muscle fibers)
endomysium: delicate loose reticular connective tissue that surrounds each muscle cell
What are your three structural classes of joints?
fibrous: suture, syndesmosis, gomphosis
cartilaginous: synchondrosis and symphysis
synovial: plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, ball and socket
What are the 4 main cell types in the epidermis?
Name the three types of cartilage and provide an example of each.
Elastic: epiglottis and cartilage of external ear
Fibrocartilage: pubic symphysis and menisci of knee
Hyaline: trachea, ventral ends of ribs, bronchi
What are your primary and secondary vertebral curvatures?
Primary: thoracic and sacral curvatures present at birth
Secondary: cervical and lumbar curvatures develop when baby begins to walk
What are two functions of the titin molecule?
1. holds thick filaments (myosin) in place
2. unfolds when muscle is stretched
What four muscles is the rotator cuff made up of?
subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor
What are the 5 parts of a nail?
Free edge, body, root, nail fold, and eponychium (cuticle)
Explain how endochondral ossification works.
1. bone collar forms around diaphysis of the hyaline cartilage
2. cartilage in the center of the diaphysis calcifies and then develops cavities
3. the periosteal bud invades the internal cavities and spongy bone begins to form
4. the diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity forms as ossification continues. secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphyses
5. the epiphyses ossify. When completed, hyaline cartilage remains only in the epiphyseal plates and articular cartilage
Name your 8 carpal bones.
hamate, pisiform, triquetrum, lunate, scaphoid, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate
Describe the sliding filament mechanism.
Release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, powered by ATP, initiate the mechanism. The myosin head attaches to thin filament to form crossbrigde and pivots to pull the thin filament towards the M line. As a new ATP attaches to the myosin head, the cross bridge detaches.
What is bursitis?
inflammation of a bursa due to injury or friction. A bursa is a flattened fibrous sac lined by a synovial membrane.
What are your 4 main mechanoreceptors and what do they do?
Tactile corpuscles: sensitive to touch, light pressure
Lamellar corpuscles: sensitive to vibration, deep pressure
Bulbous corpuscles: sensitive to stretching of skin, sustained pressure
Proprioceptors: sense when tissues are stretched or when they experience tension/pressure
During adolescence, why does the epiphyseal plate become thinner?
chondroblasts begin to divide less often, cartilage stops growing, gets replaced by bone tissue, and epiphyseal plates become thinner; long bones stop lengthening when diaphysis and epiphysis fuse
Compare the male and female pelvis.
Female: pelvic inlet and outlet are wider, ischial tuberosities are shorter and farther apart
Male: pelvic inlet and outlet are narrower, ischial tuberosities are longer and sharper
List the 7 fascicle arrangements in muscles. Provide an example of each.
1. fusiform: biceps brachii
2. convergent: pectoralis major
3. circular: orbicularis oris
4. unipennate: extensor digitorum longus
5. parallel: sartorius
6. multipennate: deltoid
7. bipennate: rectus femoris
Synovial joints develop from what?
Synovial joints develop from mesenchyme. By week 8 of fetal development, joints resemble adult joints. The outer region of the mesenchyme becomes the fibrous joint capsule and the inner region becomes the joint cavity.