Migration
This theory dates back to roughly 13,000 years ago and is generally the most accepted in the United States
Bering Strait Theory
Clovis
Name two of the things to take into consideration when reading primary sources
Audience, Intent, significance, biases, language, translation
Which Indigenous peoples did Columbus encounter in Hispaniola?
Taino
Ferdinand and Isabella
This migration theory is supported by evidence in the form of shell middens
Coastal migration
Hopewell and Adena are early representatives of what kind of culture?
Moundbuilders
What is a primary source?
A source produced at or around the time of an event
What is the encomienda system?
Entitled conquistadores to land, wealth, status, and Indigenous labor in exchange for claiming lands for the Spanish Crown
This 1494 treaty by Pope Alexander IV divided the "New World" between the kingdoms of Spain and Portugal
Treaty of Tordesillas
Evidence found in this location in Idaho dates back between 15-16000 years ago further calling into question the accuracy of the Bering Strait Theory
Coopers Ferry
This culture built elaborate houses and ceremonial structures out of sandstone and adobe and crafted irrigation systems still in use today.
Southwest
What is a secondary source?
Usually a scholarly analysis of an event after the fact (i.e. book or journal article)
This third governor of Hispaniola was trusted by Isabella and given strict orders to treat Native peoples gentler after Columbus was forcibly removed from his station. Instead, he violently quashed a rebellion that resulted in the death of a well regarded Taino ruler.
Nicolás de Ovando
Why did Ferdinand and Isabella need a papal dispensation in order to get married?
Because they were second cousins and prevented from marrying due to something Catholics refer to as "consanguinity."
The "Corn and Game" Cherokee reading from last week is an example of what kind of Indigenous historical record?
Oral history/tradition
Pottery produced by early Puebloan (southwestern) cultures remains highly sought after by collectors in the present day. How did the woman that produced pottery "sign" their work?
Through patterns and/or designs
What two parts of a longer reading should you read first?
Introduction and Conclusion
A Dominican Frier who grew up in Hispaniola and at one point had his own encomienda dedicated much of his life to advocating for Indigenous peoples after witnessing the atrocities committed by conquistadores.
Bartolome de Las Casas
What title was first bestowed upon Ferdinand and Isabella by the Borgia pope in 1494?
Catholic Monarchs
Footprints found here date back between 21-23,000 years ago and belong to an adolescent and young child
White Sands, New Mexico
This culture showed evidence of social stratification, elaborate spiritual and agricultural practices, and produced mounds quite similar to ziggurat's native to Indigenous peoples across Mexico and Central America.
Mississippian
What does the bibliography tell you?
The volume and kinds of sources an author uses
This Taino woman ruled alongside her brother until his death when she became sole ruler of their kingdom. She was hanged by Ovando and became a symbol of resistance to Spanish colonialism.
Anacaona
This conflict between supporters of Isabella and Henry IV of Spains daughter Joanna decided the eventual ruler of Castile.
War of Castilian Succession