Industrialization
What invention by Alexander Graham Bell improved communication and helped businesses expand nationally?
The Telephone
What term describes when one company controls nearly an entire industry?
Monopoly
What term describes organizations formed by workers to protect wages and working conditions?
Labor unions
What term describes journalists who exposed corruption and social problems?
Muckrackers
Which amendment granted women the right to vote?
19th amendment
What process developed by Henry Bessemer allowed steel to be produced faster and cheaper?
The Bessemer Process
What strategy did Andrew Carnegie use by controlling every stage of steel production?
Vertical integration
Which labor union led by Samuel Gompers focused on skilled workers?
American Federation of Labor (AFL)
Which book by Upton Sinclair revealed unsafe conditions in the meatpacking industry?
The Jungle
What amendment established Prohibition?
18th amendment
Why were railroads crucial to late-nineteenth-century industrialization?
They connected markets, moved raw materials and goods quickly, and encouraged national trade
Which oil company, led by John D. Rockefeller, became a symbol of monopolistic power?
Standard Oil
What violent labor strike involved a steel plant owned by Carnegie?
Homestead Strike
What Progressive reform allowed voters to propose laws directly?
Initiative
What law strengthened antitrust enforcement after the Sherman Act?
Clayton Antitrust Act
How did mass production and interchangeable parts increase industrial output?
They sped up manufacturing and lowered costs
What economic belief argues that government should not interfere in business?
Laissez-faire
What law restricted Chinese immigration and reflected nativist attitudes?
Chinese Exclusion Act
What was Theodore Roosevelt’s domestic policy called?
Square deal
What major problem did Progressives struggle to fully solve?
Racial inequality / segregation
Explain one way new technology directly contributed to rapid industrial growth.
It increased efficiency, reduced labor time, and expanded production capacity
Why were figures like Rockefeller sometimes called both “Robber Barons” and “Captains of Industry”?
They built the economy but used unethical practices to gain wealth
Explain one push or pull factor that encouraged immigration to the United States.
Push: poverty or persecution; Pull: jobs and opportunity
How did settlement houses like Hull House help urban communities?
They provided education, childcare, and aid to immigrants and the poor
Overall, how successful was the Progressive Movement by 1920?
It achieved major political and social reforms but failed to ensure full equality