Unit 1
Rewrite: They cleaned my house. (Causative)
I had my house cleaned.
Verb followed by -ing: I really ___ (enjoy) reading.
Which modal verb is less natural in questions: must or have to?
must.
What’s the structure of a causative infinitive (after "want")?
want + object + to + be + past participle (e.g., I want the house to be painted).
Rewrite this sentence using formal passive structure: She’s the person who I spoke to.
She’s the person to whom I spoke.
He experienced someone stealing his bad. (use causative)
He had his bad stolen.
Verb followed by infinitive: They ___ (hope) to win.
hope
Choose the correct sentence: A) You mustn’t forget your ID. B) You don’t need to forget your ID.
A — mustn’t (B is incorrect; it suggests forgetting is allowed.
What is the formula for a passive infinitive (after modal verbs)?
to be + past participle (e.g., to be cleaned).
Use "whose" to join these two ideas: The city has many parks. Its mayor promotes sustainability.
The city whose mayor promotes sustainability has many parks.
Passive form: They are decorating the office.
The office is being decorated.
Correct or incorrect? She made me to cry.
Incorrect – it should be 'made me cry
What is the difference between make and let in terms of sentence structure?
Both “make” and “let” are followed by an object + base verb without “to,” but they have different meanings. “Make” means to force someone to do something (e.g., “They made me apologize”), while “let” means to allow someone to do something (e.g., “They let me leave early”).
What’s the structure of a sentence using -ing after a preposition?
preposition + verb-ing (e.g., interested in learning).
Create a sentence using a non-defining relative clause with "which" referring to a whole sentence.
I missed my train, which meant I had to take a taxi.
Use "get" to focus on the result: "Finish your homework!".
"Get your homework done!"
What’s the relative pronoun for time?
When
Identify the structure: I was forced to apologize. Passive or active causative?
Passive causative (be + past participle + to-infinitive)
What's the difference in structure between defining and non-defining relative clauses?
Defining – no commas, can use "that"; Non-defining – commas, use "who/which", cannot omit relative pronoun.
Rewrite: He failed the test. He didn’t revise. using a participle clause.
Not having revised, he failed the test. or Having failed to revise, he failed the test.
Explain the use of reflexive pronoun in: I did it myself.
To emphasize the speaker did it without help or payment.
Rewrite: She finished the task. Then she left. (Participle clause)
Having finished the task, she left.
What structure follows this reporting verb: accuse?
accuse + person + of + -ing"? (e.g., They accused him of lying)
Identify the structure: The teacher, who lives nearby, arrives early. (What type of clause?)
non-defining relative clause.
Which grammar form is used in this sentence and why? She insisted on speaking first.
Verb + preposition + -ing form (reporting structure) — "insist on" must be followed by a verb in the -ing form.