Revolutionary Waves
What idea wanted constitutions to limit monarchs and protect individual liberties?
Liberalism
In 19th-century nationalism, people believed state borders should match what?
Shared language, culture, religion, or ethnicity
In 1815, German territory was divided into how many states?
39
Around 1760, the Industrial Revolution began in which country?
Great Britain
What new form of transport connected Liverpool and Manchester in 1830?
The public railway
What two major forces influenced the revolutions of 1820 and 1830?
National movements and liberalism
What type of nationalism called for nations inside large empires to become independent?
Divisive nationalism
Which power presided over the German Confederation?
Austria
What invention by James Watt helped power factories?
The steam engine
What type of commercial boat did Robert Fulton launch in 1807?
A steamboat
In 1820, Colonel Riego forced Fernando VII to accept what document?
The Constitution of 1812
Which kingdom led the unification of Italy?
Piedmont-Sardinia
What was the Prussian free-trade/customs union called?
Zollverein
What farming system used four-field rotation and replaced fallow land?
The Norfolk system
What two new energy sources defined the Second Industrial Revolution?
Electricity and petroleum
What alliance invaded Spain in 1823 and restored absolutism?
The Holy Alliance
Which country did Cavour gain support from against Austria in 1859?
France
What parliament offered the Prussian king the crown of a united Germany in 1848?
The Frankfurt Parliament
What factory method made each worker specialize in one task?
Division of labour
What production system broke work into precise, timed tasks?
Taylorism
In 1848, workers demanded what two social changes?
The right to strike and reduced working hours
Who led the “red shirts” that conquered Naples and Sicily?
Garibaldi
Which two territories did France cede to Germany in 1871?
Alsace and Lorraine
Abraham Darby smelted iron using what in 1709?
Coal
What Ford production method moved products past workers on a conveyor belt?
The assembly line