Steamed
the process of change in the mid-1700s from an agrarian and handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing
The Industrial Revolution
the movement of people to cities
urbanization
author of The Wealth of Nations who promoted the free market as beneficial for the economy as a whole, not just the wealthy
Adam Smith
the educated creole known as “The Liberator” for his role in leading several South American countries to independence
Simon Bolivar
Three components of The Transportation Revolution were turnpikes, _________________, and _____________________.
canals
railroads
improved the steam engine in 1764 by making it more efficient
James Watt
a political ideology in which there is a gradual transition from capitalism to socialism instead of a sudden violent overthrow of the system
social democracy
an economic system in which the people as a whole rather than private individuals own and operate the means of production
socialism
creole general who helped Simon Bolivar free Argentina and Chile from Spanish rule
Jose de San Martin
The growth of industry and the shifting distribution of population led to the creation of new ___________________________, especially in the _____________.
social classes
cities
the process of taking over “common” land formerly shared by peasant farmers and consolidating it into private farms
The Enclosure Movement
in 19th-century Europe, the bourgeoisie who promoted Enlightenment ideals of liberty, equality, and separation of powers
Liberals
the idea that the goal of society should be “the greatest happiness for the greatest number” of its citizens
utilitarianism
son of the king of Portugal who became emperor of Brazil when Brazil demanded independence
Dom Pedro
Despite the social problems caused by the Industrial Revolution, ______________ were created, _______________ grew (slowly) to allow some disposable income, and opportunities increased.
jobs
wages
those who managed and assumed the financial risks of starting new businesses
entrepreneurs
The middle class, Marx’s “haves”
bourgeoisie
those in favor of extreme change
Mexican priest who pushed for freedom in 1810, calling Mexicans to fight for independence
Father Miguel Hidalgo
Marx predicted a class struggle that would lead to a classless society where all means of _______________________ would be owned by the _________________.
production
community
the term for the unregulated exchange of goods and services
free market
the working class; Marx's "have nots"
proletariat
“hands-off”; an approach to the economy that demands little government intervention
laissez faire
a self-educated former slave familiar with Enlightenment ideals who led the slaves of Haiti in their revolution
Toussaint L'Ouverture
Despite the failures of the 1848 revolutions, they paved the way for liberalism, ___________________, and ________________ to make political changes in the future.
nationalism
socialism