Colonial Systems
This racial hierarchy in Spain’s American colonies determined a person's legal status based on their ancestry.
What is the Casta System?
Father Miguel Hidalgo issued this famous battle cry to start the war for independence.
What is the Grito de Dolores?
These military strongmen dominated post-independence politics using private armies and personal loyalty.
What are Caudillos?
The uprisings across Europe in 1848 were often referred to by this poetic nickname.
What is the Springtime of Peoples?
These independent settlements were formed by escaped enslaved people in remote geographic areas.
What are Maroon communities?
These were Spaniards born and raised in Spain who held the highest administrative posts in the colonies.
Who are Peninsulares?
This 1821 document officially recognized Mexico as an independent nation.
What is the Treaty of Cordoba?
She was known as the "Liberator of the Liberator" for saving Simón Bolívar’s life.
Who is Manuela Sáenz?
This specific event in France was triggered by a government ban on political banquets.
What is the February Revolution?
Slave revolts created this "constant fear and uncertainty" among plantation owners, according to historical documents.
What is a "specter"?
This group of reforms was implemented by King Charles III to centralize power and increase revenue for the crown.
What are the Bourbon Reforms?
She risked her life to warn revolutionary leaders that their conspiracy had been discovered by the authorities.
Who is Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez?
This was the main purpose of the "Ladies of Liberty" network during the wars for independence.
What is acting as a spy and intelligence network for Simón Bolívar?
In 1848, "liberals" were primarily fighting for these three goals.
What are constitutions, civil rights (freedoms), and representation?
This group in the Sokoto Caliphate used religious teachings and visions to condemn the practice of slavery.
Who are Muslim scholars?
This European event in 1808 served as the major catalyst for independence movements by removing the legitimate Spanish King from power.
What was Napoleon’s invasion of Spain?
After declaring himself Emperor of Mexico, this leader was eventually exiled and executed.
Who is Agustín de Iturbide?
Unlike other Atlantic revolutions, this one was led by enslaved Africans and resulted in the permanent abolition of slavery.
What is the Haitian Revolution?
This major social reform survived in Austria and Hungary even after the revolutions were crushed.
What is the abolition of serfdom?
Ethnic groups within this specific Empire sought national autonomy and self-determination during the 1848 uprisings.
What is the Austrian Empire?
Many Creoles initially hesitated to support the independence movement because they feared this kind of outcome from the lower classes.
What is a violent social revolution (or race/class war)?
This wealthy woman provided both financial and intellectual support by printing pamphlets to spread revolutionary ideas.
Who is Leona Vicario?
This revolutionary leader was supported by the "Ladies of Liberty" and is a central figure in South American independence.
Who is Simón Bolívar?
This economic transformation contributed to unrest by creating an exploited urban working class living in poor conditions.
What is the Industrial Revolution?
This was the primary goal of ethnic groups in the Austrian Empire during the Revolutions of 1848.
What is national autonomy and self-determination?