Enlightenment Foundations
The French philosopher known for promoting a system of checks and balances and separation of powers in governments.
Who is Baron Montesquieu?
Enlightenment ideas influenced this document, adopted on July 4, 1776, which argued that people have rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
What is the Declaration of Independence?
The French estate comprising the greatest percentage of the population with the least political power and most oppressive tax burden.
What is the Third Estate?
This was the primary crop of Saint-Domingue, making it the richest colony in the world and a crucial part of the global economy.
What is sugar?
This priest issued the Grito de Dolores on September 16, 1810, calling for the end of Spanish rule in Mexico, marking the beginning of the Mexican War of Independence.
Who is Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla?
This French philosopher wrote "The Social Contract," arguing that government should be based on the general will of the people.
Who is Jean-Jacques Rousseau?
This final battle of America's War of Independence occurred in 1781 and ended with the British conceding defeat.
What is the battle of Yorktown?
On July 14, 1789, Parisians stormed this prison, a symbol of royal tyranny, marking the start of the French Revolution.
What is the Bastille?
This country's revolution and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen influenced the enslaved and free African population in Saint-Domingue to fight for their rights and freedom.
What is France?
Known as "The Liberator," he played a key role in the independence of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia from Spanish rule.
Who is Simón Bolívar?
This English scientist's laws of motion and universal gravitation were foundational to the Enlightenment's emphasis on reason and empirical evidence.
Who is Sir Isaac Newton?
The Sugar Act was one of the first direct taxes placed on the American colonies; it was passed by the British Parliament in 1764 to cover the cost of this war.
What is the French and Indian War? ( Seven Years War also acceptable)
This radical Jacobin leader was known as "The Incorruptible" and was ruthless in annihilating anyone perceived as an enemy of the Republic; he was executed by the guillotine in 1794.
Who is Maximilien Robespierre?
This liberator-hero of the Haitian Revolution fought for the emancipation of enslaved people; his courage and actions led to the establishment of the republic of Haiti.
Who is Toussaint L'Ouverture?
This Argentine general is renowned for his role in the liberation of Argentina, Chile, and Peru from Spanish rule, collaborating with Bolívar in the process.
Who is José de San Martín?
This term refers to the Enlightenment belief in the power of human reason to understand and shape the world, opposing superstition and theocracy.
What is rationalism?
The first ten amendments to the US Constitution that guaranteed civil liberties, such as freedom of religion, freedom of the press, and freedom of assembly.
What is the Bill of Rights?
This was the period during the Revolution when France was ruled by a radical government committed to extreme changes and was marked by mass executions of "enemies of the revolution."
What is the Reign of Terror?
Haiti declared its independence from France in this year, becoming the first independent nation in Latin America and the Caribbean and the world's first Black-led republic.
What is 1804?
Bolívar's crossing of this South American mountain range was a daring military maneuver that mirrored Hannibal's crossing of the Alps.
What are the Andes?
This movement within the Enlightenment advocated for a rational and scientific approach to religious questions, diminishing the authority of traditional dogma and church doctrine.
What is Deism?
This 1765 act imposed by the British Parliament required American colonists to pay a tax on every piece of printed paper they used, including newspapers, books, and legal documents.
What is the Stamp Act?
This 1789 document, inspired by Enlightenment ideals, proclaimed the equal rights of men and the principles of liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression.
What is the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen?
After the capture of Toussaint L'Ouverture, this leader took command of the Haitian Revolution and led the island to independence.
Who is Jean-Jacques Dessalines?
After independence, Simón Bolívar became the president of this republic, which was named after him.
What is Bolivia?