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Nationalism
Revolutions in the Balkans
Revolution in France
Revolutions and changes in Russia
100
What were the two forces or groups that struggled to gain power in European societies?
Conservatives, Liberals, and Radicals.
100
What empire controlled most of the region before the revolutions?
The Ottoman Empire.
100
Who replaced King Charles X after he was forced to flee to Great Britain in 1830?
Louis-Philippe.
100
What was serfdom?
A feudal system on which serfs were bound to the nobles whose land they worked.
200
What kinds of people were conservative?
Wealthy property owners and nobility.
200
What regions make up the Balkans? (Name THREE)
Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, and Turkey.
200
What was the main demand or goal of the radicals during the French Revolts of 1848?
A democratic government.
200
Why did the Russians want to end serfdom? (Name TWO reasons).
Because it was morally wrong and it prevented the empire from advancing economically.
300
What kinds of people were liberals?
Middle-class business leaders and merchants.
300
What made the Greeks in the Balkans want to become a nation-state in Europe, free from the Ottoman Turks?
Feelings of nationalism and the memory of their Greek ancient history and culture.
300
Who was Alphonse de Lamartine?
Alphonse de Lamartine was a French poet who led the revolt against Louis-Philippe and who took over the government after the king was forced to flee.
300
After realizing their lack of development, Russia attempted to gain power by invading the Ottoman Empire. However, they lost this armed conflict known as the Crimean War. Why did Russia lose?
Russia lost because its industries and transportation system failed to provide adequate supplies for the troops.
400
What political conflict influenced modern nationalism and the idea of nation-states?
The French Revolution.
400
What countries helped the Balkans in their revolution? (Name THREE).
Great Britain, France, and Russia.
400
What happened after the victorious revolution?
A republican government was instituted. However, it fell apart quickly and the radicals split into two groups, causing battles in the streets of Paris. This caused people to stop supporting them.
400
What was Czar Alexander II's boldest reform? Explain it.
Alexander II's boldest reform was the abolition of serfdom. When he freed serfs, the land of the country was divided: half for peasants and half for nobles. However, serfs had to pay the government for their land while the government paid the nobles for theirs.
500
What is nationalism?
The belief that one's greatest loyalty should not be to a king or an empire but to a nation of people who share a common culture and history.
500
Who was Lord Byron and what did he do in the revolution of the Balkans?
Lord Byron was an British romantic poet who supported the independence of the Balkans. He gave monetary aid to the armies of rebels and eventually joined the fight as a soldier. However, he became ill and died before the victory of the revolution.
500
After the fall of the republic, France instituted a parliament and elected Louis-Napoleon as emperor. What did he do during his time as ruler of France? (Name THREE things).
Louis Napoleon built railroads, encouraged industrialization, promoted programs of public works, helped decrease unemployment, and helped the country experience real prosperity.
500
What did Czar Alexander II want to do after the embarrassing Russian defeat in the Crimean War and why?
Alexander II wanted to modernize Russia and bring social change. He believed this would allow Russia to compete with Western Europe for world power.