Scientific Revolution
Who said the Sun was at the center of the solar system?
Nicolaus Copernicus.
What did John Locke say all people are born with?
Natural rights: life, liberty, and property.
How were the American and French Revolutions similar?
Both wanted greater freedom and representation.
What is nationalism?
Pride and loyalty to one’s nation, culture, or language.
What is the Industrial Revolution?
The Industrial Revolution was when machines replaced hand work and changed how people lived and worked.
What changed during the Scientific Revolution?
People began trusting reason and observation instead of Church authority.
What did Mary Wollstonecraft argue for?
Equal rights and education for women.
Which social class gained power after the American Revolution?
Middle and upper-class landowners.
How did nationalism shape Europe in the 1800s?
It united countries like Italy and Germany.
Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Britain?
Britain had coal, iron, and many rivers for transport.
Why are Isaac Newton’s laws important?
They showed that natural laws, not miracles, explain how the universe works based in research and facts.
Which Enlightenment idea inspired revolutions in America and France?
The right to change or overthrow an unjust government.
What was one result of nationalist movements in Latin and Hispanic America?
Many colonies won independence from Europe.
What often happened when nationalism spread?
People fought for independence from empires.
What did the steam engine improve most?
Transportation and manufacturing.
What invention helped spread new scientific ideas faster?
The printing press
What did many Enlightenment thinkers believe reason could do?
Improve society and government.
What was a common goal of the French and Haitian Revolutions?
Ending inequality and unfair treatment by elites.
What problems did nationalism cause between countries?
Nationalist ideas based on ethnocentrism made some nations feel entitled to dominate others they saw as inferior, leading to rivalries and wars.
Which groups worked long hours in dangerous factories for less pay?
Women and children
Explain in your own words what is the Scientific Revolution.
The Scientific Revolution was a time when people used observation and reason to understand nature instead of relying only on the Church's teachings
How did Enlightenment ideas about government and human rights challenge older systems of power like absolute monarchy and the divine right of kings?
They encouraged people to question royal authority and demand governments that protect citizens’ natural rights instead of claiming power from God.
How did Enlightenment ideas influence the goals of both the American and French Revolutions?
Both revolutions used Enlightenment principles such as liberty, equality, and popular sovereignty to justify overthrowing unfair governments and creating constitutions.
How did nationalism give people in Europe and Latin America a reason to fight for independence?
It made people proud of their culture and history, so they wanted to form their own nations instead of being ruled by foreign empires.
What social change happened because of industrialization?
Cities grew, and new working and middle classes appeared.