France- Causes
What iconic fortress and prison was stormed by the Parisian crowd on July 14, 1789, symbolizing the collapse of royal authority?
What is the Bastille?
Passed in August 1789 by the National Constituent Assembly, which foundational document declared that "men are born and remain free and equal in rights"?
What is the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (DROMAC)?
What tragic event took place on January 9, 1905, when Imperial guards fired upon peaceful protesters led by Father Gapon in St. Petersburg?
What is Bloody Sunday?
What was the official name of the Bolshevik secret police force, established in December 1917 under Felix Dzerzhinsky?
What is the Cheka?
What 1941 surprise attack on a U.S. naval base in Hawaii directly brought the United States into World War II?
What is Pearl Harbor?
Published in January 1789 by Abbé Sieyès, which influential pamphlet argued that the Third Estate constituted "everything"?
What is the Third Estate? (Qu'est-ce que le Tiers-État?)
Passed in July 1790, which controversial law forced Catholic priests to swear an oath of loyalty to the French state, deeply dividing the peasantry?
What is the Civil Constitution of the Clergy?
Issued by Tsar Nicholas II in response to the 1905 Revolution, which document promised civil liberties and created Russia's first elected parliament (the Duma)?
What is the October Manifesto?
Implemented during the Russian Civil War (1918–1921), what radical economic policy involved grain requisitioning and the nationalisation of all industries?
What is War Communism?
Erected in August 1961 to stop East Germans from fleeing to the West, what famous physical barrier became the defining symbol of the Cold War until it fell in 1989?
What is The Berlin Wall?
Held in May 1789, what body was convened for the first time since 1614 to address France’s severe financial crisis?
What is the Estates-General?
What was the period between September 1793 and July 1794 called, during which the Committee of Public Safety used mass executions to crush counter-revolutionaries?
What is the Terror (or the Reign of Terror)?
What dual power structure emerged following the February 1917 Revolution, sharing authority over Russia until October?
What is the Provisional Government and the Petrograd Soviet?
Introduced by Lenin at the 10th Party Congress in 1921 to replace War Communism, which policy allowed a degree of private enterprise and free trade?
What is the New Economic Policy (NEP)?
What 13-day standoff in October 1962 brought the United States and the Soviet Union to the brink of nuclear war over Soviet missiles placed in the Caribbean?
What is the Cuban Missile Crisis?
On June 20, 1789, deputies of the Third Estate swore not to disband until they had drawn up a new constitution. What was this event called?
What is the Tennis Court Oath (Serment du Jeu de Paume)?
Led by Maximilien Robespierre, which radical faction dominated the National Convention and orchestrated the execution of King Louis XVI?
Who are the Jacobins (or the Mountain / Montagnards)?
In April 1917, Lenin returned from exile and issued a series of directives demanding "No support for the Provisional Government." What simple, effective slogan captured these demands?
What is "Peace, Bread, Land" (or "All Power to the Soviets")?
Which March 1921 revolt by previously loyal sailors was a major catalyst for Lenin abandoning War Communism?
What is the Kronstadt Rebellion?
In April 1961, which Soviet cosmonaut became the first human to travel into outer space aboard the Vostok 1 spacecraft?
Who is Yuri Gagarin?
Compiled across France in early 1789 to present to the Estates-General, what were the official books or registers of grievances called that captured the frustration of all three estates?
What are the Cahiers de doléances?
The fall of Robespierre on 9 Thermidor Year II (27 July 1794) led to the dismantling of the Terror. What was this reactionary period called?
What is the Thermidorian Reaction?
Which failed military coup in August 1917 severely weakened Prime Minister Alexander Kerensky and allowed the Bolsheviks to re-arm and present themselves as defenders of Petrograd?
What is the Kornilov Affair?
Signed in March 1918, which humiliating peace treaty forced Soviet Russia to surrender vast territories—including a third of its population and farmland—to Germany to exit World War I?
What is the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?
What year was the Spice Girls' debut hit single "Wannabe" released, kicking off global "Girl Power" mania?
What is 1996?