Review
What are the three rhetorical appeals? Briefly define.
Ethos (credibility), pathos (emotion), logos (reason)
What is an enthymeme?
An abbreviated syllogism - a premise or conclusion removed & turned into a fluid sentence
Which transcendental correspond to judicial, deliberative, and epideictic rhetoric?
truth (judicial), goodness (deliberative), and beauty (epideictic)
Define: ad baculum
illegitimate/unwarranted appeal to force or fear
Define: ad misericordium
illegitimate/unwarranted appeal to pity
What are the three transcendentals?
truth, goodness, beauty
Explain inductive vs. deductive reasoning?
Inductive: uses specific examples to draw broader conclusions
Deductive: uses broad principles to evaluate specific examples
Which time frame correspond to judicial, deliberative, and epideictic rhetoric?
past (judicial), future (deliberative), and present (epideictic)
Define: ad populum
aka bandwagon, 'to the people;' illegitimate/unwarranted appeal to people/groups
Define: either-or fallacy
aka bifurcation/false dilemma - pretends that only two options are possible when multiple exist
List the five canons of rhetoric in order:
Invention, Organization, Style, Memory, and Delivery
What are the three aspects of judicial rhetoric?
it involves the motive, the wrongdoer, and the wronged
In what places/settings do judicial, deliberative, and epideictic rhetoric occur?
courtroom (judicial), legislature/assemblies (deliberative), and ceremonies (epideictic)
Define: ad hominem
an irrelevant attack on the speaker rather than the argument itself
Define: hasty generalization
jumping to conclusions without sufficient evidence; using one example or a comparatively small sample size to draw a conclusion
aid in invention to develop arguments and explore different aspects of the subject
Explain the difference between universal & particular laws, and give an example of each
Universal: foundational principles that govern human ethics (i.e. don't murder/steal)
Particular: usually based on universal law, but specific to times and places
What goal/end do judicial, deliberative, and epideictic rhetoric strive for?
justice (judicial), advantage (deliberative), and honor (epideictic)
Define: strawman
exaggerating or misrepresenting an argument so that it can be more easily defeated
Define: complex question
aka loaded question: a question that contains a false/unwarranted assumption
How is a classical speech arranged? Give the parts and their function
Exordium (hook), narratio (background), partitio (thesis statement), confirmatio (argument/evidence), refutatio (counter arguments), peroratio (conclusion)
What are the motives of a wrongdoer, according to Aristotle?
chance, nature, compulsion, habit, reasoning, anger, appetite
What action do judicial, deliberative, and epideictic rhetoric aim to take?
accuse/defend (judicial), urge to do/not do (deliberative), and praise/blame (epideictic)
Define: equivocation
using a term in multiple or ambiguous ways throughout an argument; thus terms/ideas are unclear or the real meaning is obscured
Define: red herring
bringing up unrelated issues to distract from the argument at hand - often by bringing up controversial, sensational, or vague topics