Ethos
What are the three elements of a speech?
Rhetor
Audience
Speech
What types of responses do the two natures of emotion lead to?
Tied to the mind --> Rational, Reasonable
Tied to the body --> Rash, Impulsive
What is a syllogism?
An argument composed of two propositions (premises) that naturally and logically lead to a third proposition (the conclusion)
What is an enthymeme?
A syllogism that has one of its premises or its conclusion purposefully left out for rhetorical effect.
What are the three virtues of ethos?
Goodwill
Moral Virtue
Practical Wisdom
What is one way you can avoid manipulation when appealing to emotion (pathos)?
1. Correct unjustified emotions
2. Stir up appropriate emotions
3. Align the emotion to reason
Which type of syllogism uses an "if/then" statement as part of its argument?
Hypothetical Syllogism
What is the conclusion to this incomplete argument?
No dogs are cats.
Demeter is a dog.
Therefore, _______________.
Demeter is not a cat.
Why is it important to build ethos before logos and pathos?
People will likely not listen to your argument if they don't trust you. You need to build up your credibility so that they are ready and willing to listen to your arguments and suggestions.
How are pain and pleasure tied to the emotions and decision-making?
Pain and pleasure make us feel negative emotions and positive emotions respectively. These emotions then make us decide against or for a decision when we expect either pain or pleasure from that decision.
Which type of syllogism uses declarative statement, often starting with "all/no/some/some...not...?"
Categorical Syllogism
What's the missing assumption in this enthymeme?
"If you go to the store, then you must get me a treat. And you told me you were going to the store today."
Therefore, you must get me a treat.
How does pathos build up the speaker's ethos?
Proper emotion in the speaker shows that they care about the issue and the people involved (goodwill) and that they feel rightly about things (moral virtue).
How does making your audience consider other people (not just themselves) encourage reasonable and logical responses from them?
It is natural to think about ourselves and doesn't require much thought. However, it does require thought to consider how an action will affect others, which forces the audience to actually use their reason, not just impulse.
Which type of syllogism uses an "either/or" proposition as part of its argument?
Disjunctive Syllogism
What's the missing proposition in the following enthymeme?
"You're on Drake's side of the beef, which means you don't like Kendrick's music."
Either you're on Drake's side of the beef or you like Kendrick's music.
How does logos build up a speaker's ethos?
A logically constructed argument shows that a speaker knows what they are talking about and have spent time wresting with the issue (practical wisdom).
What are the emotion pairs that go with the following emotions from Aristotle's list?
Fear | Envy | Friendship | Anger | Pity
Fear & Confidence
Envy & Emulation
Friendship & Enmity
Anger & Calmness
Pity & Indignation
What are the three reasons enthymemes are effective in speeches?
1. shorter/easier to follow
2. assume things people already know or believe
3. shows that you trust the audience to think for themselves / engages them by having them think for themselves
What's the missing proposition in the following enthymeme.
"That book is bad because it references magic."
All books referencing magic are bad books.