Sophists
Plato
Aristotle
The Last 300 Years
Cicero
100
This older sophist invented the technique of dissoi logoi and is known as "the father of debate."
Who is Protagoras?
100
In Plato's Gorgias, Socrates argues that rhetoric is to this as baking is to the body.
What is the soul?
100
Aristotle says that deliberative rhetoric deals only with these.
What are contingent matters that we can control?
100
Blair argues that this, rather than materiality, is the dominant framework for discussing rhetoric.
What is symbolicity?
100
Crassus claims that the ideal orator must have knowledge of this.
What is everything?
200
Gorgias' "Encomium of Helen" is in part an argument about the power of this.
What is language (or speech)?
200
In Plato's Gorgias, Socrates argues that rhetoric is a form of this.
What is flattery?
200
These are logical (as in logos) formulas used for generating enthymemes or arguments.
What are topoi (or topics or lines of argument)?
200
In Toulmin's model of an argument, this is the inference rule that allows you to base your claim on your data.
What is a warrant?
200
Crassus claims that this powerful force is responsible for human civilization itself.
What is eloquence?
300
The sophists' epistemology could be described in this way.
What is relativist?
300
In Plato's Phaedrus, Socrates contends that, in order to practice rhetoric systematically, you must first study this.
What is philosophy (or dialectic)?
300
Aristotle defines rhetoric as this.
What is the faculty for observing, in a given case, the available means of persuasion.
300
Kress and van Leeuwen say that eyeline vectors indicate this type of process.
What is reaction?
300
Crassus thinks that the orator's power is most manifest when doing this.
What is stirring emotions?
400
This sophistic conception of time refers not to chronological time but to the fitness of a rhetorical action for a specific moment.
What is kairos?
400
Plato's conception of Truth could be described as this.
What is transcendent?
400
Aristotle thought the argument from example (or paradigm) used this type of reasoning.
What is inductive?
400
Christine Harold argues that pranking is a rhetorical mode of resistance that takes the logic of this seriously.
What is branding?
400
Antonius says that, when trying to evoke an emotion, an orator must do this.
What is seem to feel that emotion himself?
500
In contrast to Plato's view of philosophy, Isocrates thought philosophy should be directed toward this.
What is practical politics?
500
In Plato's Phaedrus, Socrates says that the technology of writing hurts the memory and gives the people the appearance, rather than the reality, of this.
What is wisdom (or knowledge)?
500
In the periodic style, this is a technique for balancing cola in a period that sets the meaning of each cola against the other.
What is antithesis?
500
George Campbell argues that persuasion happens not just through the understanding (so, it's not enough to relate a true argument) but also through these three faculties.
What are the imagination, memory, and the passions?
500
Crassus claims that eloquence without moral virtues would be like doing this.
What is putting weapons in the hands of a madman?