RNA structure
components which form the backbone of RNA
What are ribose and phosphate?
synthesizes new nucleotides on a growing strand of RNA
What is RNA polymerase?
type of RNA that acts as an adaptor
What is tRNA?
location in the cell where transcription and RNA processing take place
What is the nucleus?
RNA can be separated using gel electrophoresis. An RNA that is transcribed in the cell is known to undergo significant alternative splicing. What would the gel electrophoresis result show?
Bands of various sizes corresponding to the newly spliced RNAs, could be same size, smaller, or bigger
unique base pairs in RNA but not DNA
What are A-A and G-U?
direction of synthesis during transcription
What is 5'-3'?
three nucleotide sequence AND its complement in the genetic code
What are codons and anticodons?
the type of RNA used to encode proteins
What is mRNA?
During transcription, a single nucleotide is added to an mRNA in its open reading frame. What is the result on the protein after translation?
Every subsequent amino acid starting at the insertion site will be different
a difference in 3D helical structure between RNA and DNA
What is A-form helix?
location of new bond formed during synthesis of RNA
What is 3' oxygen to alpha phosphorous?
the four common features of a tRNA molecule
What are amino acid arm, TpsiC arm, D arm, and anticodon arm?
the addition to the 5' end of mRNA to protect it from degrading
What is 7meGTP?
A researcher is investigating the possibility of an overlapping genetic code. What is one experiment to disprove this theory?
Mutate a single nucleotide in the open reading frame for a protein. Examine the resulting amino acid sequence for mutations. A single mutant nucleotide will affect only one amino acid in a non overlapping code.
a difference in 3D sugar orientation between DNA and RNA
What is 3' endo (RNA) vs 2' endo (DNA)?
metal ions required for transcription to occur
What is Mg2+?
the process of adding an amino acid to a tRNA
What is aminoacylation?
the addition to the 3' end of mRNA to protect it from degrading
What is polyA tail?
A strain of bacteria uses nonsense mediated decay to degrade anomalous RNA and proteins. A protein is purified and separated using gel electrophoresis with AND without NMD being active. What are the expected results?
All full-length protein in the NMD active case. Mostly full-length protein with some evidence of shortened proteins in the NMD inactive case. NMD inactive could also kill the cells.
the location of additional hydrogen bonds in RNA
What are 2' OH to adjacent ribose and 2' OH to adjacent phosphate through water
the complement AND resulting RNA for: 5' CATAGATC 3'
What are 3' GTATCTAG 5' and 5' CAUAGAUC 3'?
stretches of nucleotide sequence without a stop codon that eventually code for protein
What is an open reading frame?
the sequence of RNA retained for use after splicing
What is an exon?
A single nucleotide is mutated in an active site amino acid of an aminoacyl tRNA synthetase. What is the result on protein synthesis?
Aminoacyl tRNA synthetases charge tRNA's with the correct amino acid. Altering this function could incorporate incorrect amino acids into new proteins OR stop incorporating a single amino acid entirely.