Mutations
When a chromosome undergoes a deletion mutation, information is
Lost
How many nucleotides are needed to specify three amino acids?
9
What causes translation to stop?
stop codon
RNA contains the the sugar
Ribose
Genes contain instructions for assembling
Proteins
A mutation that involves one nucleotide is called
a point mutation
Which type of mutation only affects a single amino acid? Which can affect more than one amino acid?
Substitution only affects a single amino acid. Insertions/deletions can affect more than one.
Where does transcription occur in a eukaryotic cell?
Nucleus
Unlike DNA, RNA contains
Uracil
What is the central dogma theorem?
DNA --> RNA --> Protein
Which of the following is a name of a type of chromosomal mutation AND a type of gene mutation?
Deletion
Transcribe this strand of DNA into RNA:GTCATAGC
CAGUAUCG
Where does translation occur in a eukaryotic cell?
Ribosomes (cytoplasm)
From which of the molecules are mRNA molecules transcribed?
DNA
Describe three main differences between DNA and RNA?
Different sugars, double stranded vs. single stranded, uracil instead of thymine
Which of the following is a chromosomal mutation?
Inversion
T/F: If a nucleic acid contains Uracil, it is DNA.
False
A promoter is a
Specific sequence of nucleotides that serve as a binding site for RNA polymerase to start making mRNA
Which type of RNA copies the information in the genetic code from the nucleus to other parts of the cell?
Transfer RNA
The order of nitrogenous bases in DNA ultimately determines the order of (blank) that are brought to form a polypeptide chain that assembles into proteins.
Amino acids
Define mutations and when they occur.
Mutations: Heritable changes in genetic information
Occur when cells make mistakes in copying their own DNA, inserting the wrong base, or skipping bases as the strand is put together.
Describe the functions of mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA.
Most genes contain instructions for assembling amino acids into proteins. The RNA molecules that carry these instructions from DNA to other parts of the cell is called mRNA.
Proteins are assembled on ribosomes, composed of two subunits. These subunits are made up of several rRNA molecules and as many as 80 proteins.
When a protein is built, a third type of RNA called tRNA transfers each amino acid to the ribosome as it is specified by coded messages in mRNA.
Explain the process of translation.
Translation is the process by which messenger RNA (mRNA) is decoded to synthesize proteins. It occurs in ribosomes, where the mRNA sequence is read in sets of three bases (codons), and transfer RNA (tRNA) brings the corresponding amino acids to form a polypeptide chain.
Which of the following are found in both DNA and RNA?
Phosphate groups, guanine, and cytosine
Explain the process of using a codon chart?
Start in the center and follow the three bases of mRNA outward until you reach the designated Amino acid.