RNA#1
Name the 3 types of RNA
mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
How many nitrogen bases make up a codon? Which RNA has codons?
3 nitrogen bases make up a codon
Codons are found on the mRNA
What is the 1st step of Protein Synthesis and where does this happen?
RNA polymerase unzips the DNA and begins making mRNA from the DNA template in the nucleus.
Use the following DNA strand and TRANSCRIBE into mRNA:
DNA: TAC GCG ATA ACT
Hint: RNA loves U not T
DNA: TAC GCG ATA ACT
mRNA: AUG CGC UAU UGA
In GENE MUTATIONS: what is the name for the type of Point Mutation where a nitrogen base is replaced with a different nitrogen base?
Substitution
Name the sugar for RNA.
Ribose sugar
Nitrogen bases: A-U and C-G
Starts in nucleus and goes to cytoplasm
What are the 3 nitrogen bases that make up the start codon on mRNA?
A U G (amino acid = methionine)
What is the 2nd step of Protein Synthesis and where does this happen?
mRNA strand moves out of the nucleus through a nuclear pore into the cytoplasm to find a ribosome.
TRANSLATE the mRNA:
AUG CGC UAU UGA
into a protein. Use the codon wheel or chart in today's folder
mRNA: AUG CGC UAU UGA
Protein: Met - Arg - Tyr
In GENE MUTATIONS: What 2 types of mutations cause a frame shift (shifts the nitrogen bases to the right or left)?
Insertion and Deletion
What is the Central Dogma?
DNA - (transcription) - RNA - (translation) - Protein
DNA polymerase makes 2 strands of identical DNA during ___________. (transcription, translation, or DNA replication)
RNA polymerase makes mRNA during ___________. (transcription, translation, or DNA replication)
DNA Replication
Transcription (DNA to mRNA)
What is the 3rd step of Protein Synthesis and where does this happen?
The Ribosome in the cytoplasm begins reading the mRNA at the AUG start codon.
How many total codons are there?
How many amino acids are there?
Codons: 64
Amino Acids: 20
What type of mutation is it when an entire group/set of nitrogen bases are changed on the DNA?
Gene Mutation or Chromosomal Mutation?
Chromosomal Mutation
What is the function of each?
mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
mRNA - carries the genetic information from DNA to ribosome
rRNA - Organelle that makes the proteins
tRNA - Brings an amino acid to the ribosome
The codon wheel used to identify the amino acids in a protein is the genetic code for ______________.
A. Humans only
B. Plants only
C. Plants and Animals only
D. All living things
D. All living things!
What is the 4th step of Protein Synthesis? Hint: think about tRNA and its job
The tRNA's each bring 1 amino acid from the cytoplasm to the ribosome to assemble the protein.
Where is an anticodon located?
How many nitrogen bases are there on an anticodon?
Location: tRNA
Nitrogen Bases: 3
Name each type of the following chromosomal mutations:
1. Chromosome with genes ABCDE changes into chromosome ABCDDE
2. Chromosome with genes ABCDE changes into chromosome ABCE
3. Chromosomes with genes ABCDE and FGHIJ change into ABCIJ and FGHDE
4. Chromosome with genes ABCDE changes into ADEBC
1. Duplication
2. Deletion
3. Translocation
4. Inversion
After mRNA is made, RNA polymerase cuts out _____________ and keeps in ___________ to make the correct protein by the ribosome.
EXONS or INTRONS
After mRNA is made, RNA polymerase cuts out INTRONS and keeps in EXONS to make the correct protein by the ribosome.
Using the codon wheel or chart, how many different codons code for the amino acid - Arginine?
6
AGG AGA CGG CGA CGC CGU
What is the 5th step of Protein Synthesis? Hint: Last step when ribsome is making protein.
The ribosome stops making the protein when it reaches a STOP codon on the mRNA and releases the protein into the cell to be used.
What is the bond that holds each amino acid together in a protein (polypeptide chain)?
Hint: its in the name "polypeptide"
Peptide Bond
Why would a change in a single DNA nitrogen base not necessarily change the protein that is made by the Ribosome?
Because multiple codons can code for the same amino acid.