What is the resistance to flow (answers will vary)
100
Which type of volcanoes typically have gentler slopes?
What is a shield volcano?
100
How are igneous rocks formed?
What is the solidification of magma?
100
Define sedimentary rocks
Sedimentary rocks are formed from the compaction and solidification of sediment (which can come from either an igneous or metamorphic rock).
100
What is the starting material for coal?
What is peat?
200
What can cause the viscosity of magma to increase or decrease?
What is the silicate content
200
What causes a volcano to have a gentler slope?
What is lower viscosity lava?
200
Why are some igneous rocks finer grained?
What is the result of magma which cools more rapidly?
200
What is the most common transport mechanism for finer grained sediments?
What is wind?
200
What are the two most abundant elements in coal?
What are the elements carbon and sulfur?
300
Why does a higher silicate content in magma correspond to a higher viscosity?
What is a greater cross-linking in the silicate chain?
300
Which type of volcano is the most dangerous and why?
What is a stratovolcano and what is the large pressure build up from higher viscosity lava?
300
Why does a more gradually cooling rate of magma result in coarser grained igneous rocks?
What is more time for crystal growth?
300
How does solidification of sediments occur?
What is the evaporation of water which allows the precipitation of minerals which serve to bind the sediments together?
300
Why is crude oil a greater contributor of greenhouse gas than natural gas?
What is the higher carbon content in propane and octane as opposed to methane which results in a greater production of carbon dioxide?
400
Why does higher viscosity magma result in more explosive eruptions?
Pressure builds up more because gases can't escape thicker magma as easily.
400
Besides lava, what feature of stratovolcanoes contribute the the pressure buildup?
There are many smaller vents through which magma can flow. If these vents become plugged up, the pressure builds up further.
400
Explain how obsidian rock is formed and its applications.
What is very rapidly cooling magma with a high viscosity and it was used by the Native Americans as a weapon.
400
Why are large crude oil reserves not likely to be found in shale rocks?
What is the finer porosity of shale which does not allow for the accumulation of large crude oil reserves?
400
Why is high pressure and temperature required for the formation of natural gas at lower depth?
What is the more extensive breakdown of the organic matter found in fossils into the simple chemical compound making up natural gas?
500
What is the relationship between higher viscosity magma and melting point? Explain.
What is an inverse relationship? The higher content of silicate anions in higher viscosity magma gives less chances for cations to bond to the silicate anions, reducing the melting point.
500
What are two different signs of an impending eruption, and why are these signs effective predictors of future volcanic activity?
What are minor earthquakes and release of gas through the crater and what are signs of plate tectonic activity and signs that magma is reaching closer to the Earth's surface?
500
Is obsidian more likely to demonstrate fracture or a high degree of cleavage? Why?
What is fracture because obsidian is very similar to glass which does not break smoothly?
500
Why is the sedimentary rock found in Bryce Canyon a deep red color?
What is iron oxide in which the iron cation has a +2 charge?
500
What particularly irritating pollutant results from the burning of coal?