Grimm & Verners' Laws
This chain shift (in the order 3, 2,1) can be abstractly represented as:
What is Grimm's law?
This is what the first speakers of the Old French and other peoples called the language spoken by people in modern-day France.
What is Roman or Romance?
This Duke of Normandy conquered England in 1066.
Who is William the Conqueror?
These three Germanic tribes became known as the Anglo-Saxons.
Who are the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes?
We have almost no written records of Germanic languages before this happened.
What is conversion to Christianity?
This type of sound was never affected by Grimm's law.
What are vowels?
Latin was a "standardized" language, and we only have a couple of documents in this language between the fall of the Roman Empire and the year 1000 AD.
What is Old French?
This artistic "document" recounts the details of the events leading up to and including the Battle of Hastings where the Normans conquered England.
What is the Bayeux Tapestry?
Old English verbs were divided into these two groups.
What are strong and weak?
The Anglo-Saxons who ruled England were different from the Vikings in this one main aspect.
What is religion?
This is the syllable that would be stressed in order to cause voicing according to Verner's Law.
What is the following syllable?
French vocabulary, and by extension English vocabulary, is highly influenced by this Germanic language that was not Anglo-Saxon.
What is Frankish?
Wace was from Jersey and translated the History of the Kings of Britain into Anglo-Norman after it was written in Latin by this author.
Who is Geoffrey of Monmouth?
Old English weak verbs were known by this.
What is the suffix -t/d/ed.?
This political divide between the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and the Viking ruled kingdoms of the North and East had major linguistic ramifications.
What is the Danelaw?
This preterit form of the verb "to be" in English reflects Verner's Law.
What is "was" and "were"?
[k] sounds before front and high vowels in Latin changed to this in Old French.
What is [s] ?
These were the two main subjects of the Lais of Marie de France.
What are King Arthur and Breton Mythology?
Old English strong verbs were known by this in the past tense/preterite.
What is vowel alternation?
The English Monarchs and nobility were native French speakers for about 300 hundred years until this happened.
What is the Hundred Years War?
This is the only language family affected by Grimm's law and Verner's law.
What is the Germanic language family?
Karlo Magnus is better known by this name based on Old French phonological changes.
What is Charlemagne?
Germanic loan words beginning with g/w became this sound in Anglo-Norman.
What is [w]?
As an Old English Poetic Epic, Beowulf makes consistent use of these to maintain its alliterative pattern.
What are kennings?
English has lost or replaced these two pronouns over the centuries.
What are Thou/2nd Pers. Sing and Hie/3rd Pers. Plur?