Blood
What are the four main components of blood?
Red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, platelets
Which macro nutrient is the body's main source of energy?
Carbohydrate (glucose)
What is the purpose of a placebo in a clinical trial?
To serve as a control and measure the drug's true effect
What is the difference between a virus and a bacteria?
What organ produces insulin?
Which blood type is considered the universal donor?
O negative
What is the difference between a vitamin and a mineral
Vitamins are organic and made by living things; minerals are inorganic elements from the earth
In drug development how many phases of clinical trials are there, and how long does it usually take to discover, develop, and test a drug?
Four phases; 1 with animals and 3 with people (II, III, IV)
It takes 10+ years
Can viruses replicate by itself?
No viruses require a host to replicate
What is the role of insulin in the body?
To help cells absorb glucose from the blood
What protein in red blood cells carries oxygen?
Hemoglobin
Which vitamin is essential for blood clotting?
Vitamin K-1
What is X-ray diffraction used in drug development?
To determine the structure of molecules
At what R0 (R-naught) value does a disease die out?
Less than 1
What is insulin resistance?
When cells don't respond properly to insulin
What does an oximeter measure?
The proportion of red blood cells in the blood
What macronutrient is broken down by lipase?
Fats
Birth defects
What is herd immunity?
What enough people are immune to a disease, it stops its spread
What is Type 1 diabetes vs Type 2 diabetes?
Type 1 is autoimmune (body doesn't make insulin) and Type 2 involves insulin resistance
What is the Rh factor, and why is it important?
A protein (antigen) on red blood cells; important for blood transfusions and during pregnancy, as Rh incompatibility can lead to complications
Name a 1 fat-soluble vitamin and 1 water-soluble vitamin.
Fat-soluble: Vitamin A (or D, E)
Water-soluble: Vitamin C (or B)
What is the difference between band-name and generic drugs?
Generic drugs have the same active ingredients but may differ in inactive (excipients) components
What does PPE stand for in infection control?
Personal Protective Equipment
What is a normal (healthy) blood glucose level?