Genetics
This describes the collection of alleles that an organism carries, rather than its appearance.
What is genotype?
This type of cell division produces to identical cells.
What is mitosis?
DNA nucleotides are represented by these four letters.
What are A, T, C, and G?
This many chambers are found in the mammalian (incl. human) heart.
What is 4?
This arm of the immune system targets general traits shared by many pathogens, and is the first line of defense against infection.
What is the innate immune response?
This law states that allele pairs are separated from each other during gamete formation (meiosis).
What is the law of segregation?
In this phase of mitosis, chromosomes are lined up in the middle of the cell along a hypothetical "plate."
What is metaphase?
A group of related genes controlled by a single regulatory element, found only in prokaryotes.
What is an operon?
The amount of air that moves in and out of your lungs with each breath (while breathing normally).
What is tidal volume?
These cells, critical for the adaptive immune response, produce receptors for specific molecules associated with a pathogen.
What are lymphocytes (B- and T-cells)?
A form of inheritance in which one allele for a trait is not fully expressed over its paired allele, leading to an intermediate phenotype.
What is incomplete dominance?
These pairs of chromosomes are similar in structure and contain the same genes, but often have different alleles and are not identical copies.
What are homologous chromosomes?
This enzyme is used to replicate DNA. It can add nucleotides to the 3' end of an existing strand using a template.
What is DNA polymerase?
These valves are found between the ventricles and the arteries leading from the heart, and prevent blood from flowing back into the heart.
What are semilunar valves?
The process by which a pathogen alters its expressed epitopes so it can avoid the adaptive immune response.
What is antigenic variation?
Discovered by Mendel in his dihybrid experiments, this law states that “alleles for different genes are separated among gametes independently.”
What is the law of independent assortment?
This type of individual has both the male and female reproductive systems of its species.
What is a hermaphrodite?
Specific loci where DNA replication starts. Prokaryotic cells only have one.
What is the origin of replication (ORI)?
The effect caused when high CO2 levels lower blood pH, decreasing hemoglobin’s affinity for O2.
What is the Bohr effect?
This type of immunity is the result of a previous infection or vaccination for the pathogen.
What is active immunity?
When a single gene affects multiple (more than 2) traits.
What is pleiotropy?
This type of cytoskeletal element connects the centromere of each chromosome to both sides of the cell during cell division. Be specific!
What are kinetochore microtubules?
Despite being removed from the mature mRNA via splicing, these non-coding regions are common in many eukaryotes.
What are introns?
When you multiply the Stroke volume by the Heart rate, you get this value, which represents how well the heart is functioning.
What is cardiac output (CO)?
In this type of condition, the immune system has learned to recognize part of the body as a potential pathogen and will begin to attack it.
What is an autoimmune disorder?