The neuron that delivers the transmission to the synapse is called this
What is the presynaptic neuron?
100
This occurs when a membrane's electrical potential reaches its threshold of excitation
What is an action potential?
100
Stage of sleep when you're most likely to be dreaming
What is rapid eye movement sleep (REM)?
100
In skeletal muscles, every axon releases this neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction
What is acetylcholine?
100
Medically defined by a loss of consciousness, or coma, for 6 hours or longer, either immediately after an injury or after an intervening period of clarity, includes a rating of severity
What is severe traumatic brain injury?
200
What are vesicles?
200
The mechanism by which sodium ions are moved out of the cell and potassium ions are moved into the cell
What is the sodium-potassium pump?
200
Stage of sleep that shows spindles and K-complexes on the EEG; considered the definitive onset of sleep when you are non responsive to most external stimulation.
What is Stage 2 sleep?
200
These neurons, first reported in the premotor cortex of monkeys, are active during preparation for a movement as well as when watching someone else perform a similar movement
What are mirror neurons?
200
This sleep disorder may be caused by localized GABA inhibition where some brain areas are asleep but the motor cortex hasn't been inhibited
What is sleepwalking or somnambulism?
300
The effect of a neurotransmitter depends on its receptor on the postsynaptic neuron. There are two types of receptor effects: this one is a brief signal that decays quickly and is ideal for transmitting visual/auditory information that is constantly being updated.
What is an Ionotropic effect?
300
Term for the "jumping" action when the action potential moves from one node of Ranvier to the next along the axon
What is saltatory conduction?
300
Located in the hypothalamus above the optic nerve, this group of neurons controls circadian rhythms; it is considered the "biological clock"
What is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)?
300
Muscle spindles and Golgi tendons are both examples of this type of receptor
What is a proprioceptor?
300
Used for community-based treatment of addiction, this Non-Western technique used with 5 acupuncture needles placed on the ear
What is the NADA technique? (National Acupuncture Detoxification Association)
400
This receptor effect initiates slower and longer-lasting consequences, activating G proteins and second messenger effects; important for functions like emotion and arousal that arise slowly and last longer than a visual or auditory stimulus.
What is a Metabotropic receptor effect?
400
At resting potential, the electrical charge inside of the cell is _______ (positive or negative).
What is negative?
400
The primary exogenous zeitgeber (timegiver) to keep our internal clock in tune
What is light?
400
Motor habits that are difficult to describe in words depend most heavily on activity in this brain structure, actually a group of subcortical structures
What are the basal ganglia?
400
This disorder appears to be a family of diseases with common phenotypes linked to a series of genetic anomalies, each of which is responsible for no more than 2-3% of cases; the DSM-5 has expanded its definition to include former diagnoses of Childhood Disintegration Disorder and Asperger's Syndrome
What is Autism Spectrum Disorder?
500
The process of taking released neurotransmitters from the synapse back into the presynaptic neuron
What is reuptake?
500
Immediately after an action potential, the cell membrane cannot produce another action potential, regardless of the stimulation. This is called
What is "the absolute refractory period"? (The relative refractory period comes next when a stronger than usual stimulus would be necessary to initiate an action potential)
500
Neurons using this neurotransmitter are active during waking; they are found in the tuberomammillary nucleus of the hypothalamus; when you take an old-line allergy pill, it shuts down production of this neurotransmitter
What is histamine?
500
This corticospinal tract controls movements of the hands and feet on the opposite side of the body from where it originates; the axons of this tract cross over in the medulla
What is the lateral corticospinal tract? (As opposed to the medial tract)
500
Patients portrayed in Sacks' book, Awakenings, had been paralyzed with secondary symptoms of Parkinson's disease for years. Prior to developing these symptoms, they had all been victims of the worldwide epidemic of this disease.
What is encephalitis lethargica or sleep sickness?