Reasoning Vocab
A group of propositions in orderly sequence. The consequent is inferred from the antecedent.
What is a syllagism?
Compounds made of only two elements.
What is binary compounds?
Contraries cannot at the same time be true, but can at the same time be false.
What is the second law of opposition?
A description of a natural phenomenon or relationship that is supported by a significant amount of evidence and often includes mathematical terms.
What is a scientific law?
What are three ways to convert propositions into their logical equivalents?
Obversion, Conversion, and Contraposition
The act by which the mind establishes a connection between the antecedent and the consequent.
What is deductive inference?
A covalently bonded group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge and acts as a unit.
Rule that applies if two statements have the same quality but differ in quantity.
What is the Rule of Subalterns?
Matter cannot be created or destroyed, but it can change forms.
What is the Law of Conservation of Mass?
Is energy created during an exothermic reaction? Explain.
No, energy is not created during an exothermic reaction. The energy released by an exothermic reaction came from the chemical energy stored in the bonds of the reactants.
contradictory, contrary, subcontrary, and subalternate
What are the four ways that an A, I, E, and O statement can be related in opposition?
A chemical reaction in which two or more substances react to form a single compound.
What is a synthesis reaction?
Subalterns may both be true or both be false. If the particular is false, the universal is false. If the universal is true, then the particular is true. Otherwise, their status cannot be determined.
What is the 4th Law of Opposition?
Samples of a pure compound always have the same elements in the same mass proportions.
What is the Law of Constant Composition?
What are the three terms in a syllogism and where are they located?
Major term - predicate of conclusion
Minor term - subject of conclusion
Middle term - appears in both premises, but not in the conclusion
The status of a term in regard to extension. A term is this when it refers to all the members of its class of things.
What is distribution?
An amount of a substance that contains approximately 6.02 x 10^23 particles (known as Avogadro's number) of the substance.
What is a mole?
In a valid syllogism, if the antecedent is true then the consequent must also be true.
What is the Essential Law of Argumentation?
All particles of matter are in constant motion, particles move with greater energy as they become warmer, and that particles move with less energy as they become cooler.
What is the Kinetic Theory of Matter?
What do the name and formula of a molecular compound describe?
The name and formula describe the type of element and the number of atoms of each element in the compound.
What is affirmed universally of a certain term is affirmed of every term that comes under that term.
What is the Dictum de Omni?
A chemical reaction that absorbs energy from its surroundings.
What is an endothermic reaction?
Two terms, one of which is identical with a third term and the other of which is nonidentical with that third term, are nonidentical to each other.
What is the Principle of Reciprocal Non-Identity?
Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only be transformed from one type to another.
What is the Law of Conservation of Energy?
What are the two corollaries to the Essential Law of Argumentation?
In a valid syllogism:
1. if the consequent is false, the antecedent (i.e. one or both of the premises) must be false.
2. If the consequent is true, the antecedent is not necessarily true (i.e. one or both of the premises may still be false.)