Radiation Basics
What is the primary way x-rays affect human tissue?
Ionization and excitation of orbital electrons
More than 85% of the human body is composed of what two elements?
Hydrogen and oxygen
Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids are classified as what?
Macromolecules
Which of the following is not a function of lipids:
Membrane formation, insulation, short-term energy storage, long-term energy storage
Short-term energy storage
What are the two major structural components of a human cell?
Nucleus and cytoplasm
What type of radiation effect increases in severity as dose increases?
Deterministic
Approximately what percentage of human tissue is water?
80%
Proteins are made of what kind of chains?
DNA contains what sugar?
Deoxyribose
Which organelle is responsible for producing energy for the cell?
Mitochondria
What type of radiation effect increases in probability with increased dose?
Stochastic
What is the most radiosensitive and critical molecule in the human body?
DNA
What type of molecule speeds up biochemical reactions?
Enzymes
RNA contains what sugar?
Ribose
What type of cells are most radiosensitive?
Stem cells
What is the study of the biological effects of ionizing radiation called?
Radiobiology
At what level do radiation interactions primarily occur in the body?
Atomic
What system produces and secrete hormones?
The Endocrine system
Which nitrogenous bases are purines?
Adenine and guanine
What part of the cell contains the genetic material?
Nucleus
Radiation protection assumes what about low doses of radiation?
Small doses may carry some risk
Why does water play a major role in radiation effects?
It transfers energy to target molecules.
What is the primary function of antibodies?
To bind to specific antigens
What forms the sides of the DNA ladder?
Sugar-phosphate chains
During which phase of mitosis is chromosome damage most easily studied?
Metaphase