Vocabulary
fundamental protections derived from the Fifth Amendment, ensuring individuals understand their rights against self-incrimination during police interrogation
Miranda rights (warning)
a set of guiding principles designed to influence the behavior and decision making of police officers
Policy
established by the Supreme Court in United States v. Leon (1984), allows evidence to be admitted if law enforcement officers acted in a morally and an assumed legal way when conducting a search or seizure, even if it was later determined to be unlawful.
Good faith exception
a landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court that established the right to legal counsel for indigent (poor) defendants in state felony criminal trials.
Gideon v. Wainwright
According to Choice Theory in criminology, criminal behavior is primarily driven by...
Rational decisions made by individuals
an unwritten code of silence among law enforcement officers, where they often fail to report the misconduct of their colleagues, hindering accountability and investigations.
Blue curtain
What is the purpose of law enforcement patrol?
Deterrence of crime
maintain Public order
24-hour service providers
What are the two most important circumstances in which a warrant is not needed?
- searches incidental to arrests
- consent searches
A case in which the Court found that police using a "stop and frisk" procedure are within their constitutional bounds as officers of the law.
Terry v Ohio
Latin for "guilty mind," refers to the mental state of the defendant at the time the crime was committed. It's a crucial element in criminal law, as most crimes require proof that the defendant acted with a certain level of criminal intent or a culpable state of mind.
Mens rea
the visual representation of crime data using Geographic Information System (GIS) technology to analyze and understand crime patterns, identify crime hot spots, and inform crime prevention strategies.
Crime mapping
In most police departments it is a "Top Down" chain of command like a militaristic organization. What elected official sits at the top?
Chief of Police
This policy generally requires law enforcement officers, when executing a search warrant at a residence, to announce their presence, identify themselves as law enforcement, and state their purpose before forcibly entering the premises.
"KNOCK AND ANNOUNCE"
The Court held that conducting a DNA swab test as a part of the arrest procedure does not violate the Fourth Amendment because the test serves a legitimate state interest and is not so invasive so as to require a warrant.
Maryland v King
This amendment guarantees several rights to individuals accused of crimes in criminal prosecutions:
-Right to a speedy and public trial.
-Right to an impartial jury from the state and district where the crime was committed.
6th
proposed by James Q. Wilson and George Kelling in 1982, posits that visible signs of disorder and crime can create an environment that encourages further crime and antisocial behavior
Broken window theory
Operated by the FBI since 1998, what database is the largest and most important that gives local and state law enforcement agencies access to the DNA profiles of almost 16 million people who have been connected to criminal activity
National Combined DNA Index System (CODIS).
In essence, if an officer is legally where they are, sees something incriminating, and can access it legally, they can seize it without needing a warrant. The doctrine balances the need for law enforcement to collect evidence with the protection against unreasonable searches and seizures.
Plain view doctrine
**DOUBLE POINTS **
A landmark United States Supreme Court case that established that criminal suspects have a right to counsel during police interrogations under the Sixth Amendment. In this case the plaintiff was arrested for murder and repeatedly asked to speak to his lawyer during interrogation. His requests were denied.
Escebedo v Illinois
What justification defense is where she or he was encouraged by agents of the state to engage in a criminal act she or he would not have engaged in otherwise.
Entrapment
a legal doctrine that protects government officials, including police, from personal liability for constitutional violations, unless the violated right was "clearly established" at the time of the alleged misconduct.
Qualified immunity
What is the name for the new forensics development that provides law enforcement with a physical description of a suspect, including age and eye, skin and hair color through the analysis of DNA.
Phenotyping
What are the four elements that must be present for an arrest to take place?
1. The intent to arrest.
2. The authority to arrest.
3. Seizure or detention.
4. The understanding of the person that she or he has been arrested
The Supreme Court unanimously held that the government's installation of a GPS device on a vehicle and its subsequent use to monitor the vehicle's movements constituted a "search" under the Fourth Amendment.
US v Jones
**DOUBLE POINTS**
The tendency of previously convicted individuals to engage in criminal behavior again after being released from incarceration
Recidivism