Politics
What two revolutions ended centuries of autocratic rule and transformed Russia politically, socially, and economically?
The February and October Revolutions
What were some economic issues leading to the industrial revolution?
rapid industrialization -> poor working conditions
living conditions->food shortages, inflation, economic instability
Economy->relied on outdated agricultural practices
When did the February Revolution occur according to the Julian calendar?
February 23rd, 1917
When did Tsar Nicholas II abdicate?
March 2, 1917
What were the July Days?
Organizations led by soldiers and workers in Petrograd against the provisional government.
Who was the proletariat?
the wage-earners/industrial workers
What embarrassing military defeat happened to Russia in 1904-1905?
Russo-Japanese War
Where did the February Revolution happen?
Petrograd (St. Petersburg)
Prior to Tsar Nicholas II's abdication, how many years had the Romanov family ruled Russia?
over 300 years
What happened during the July Days?
protestors gathered in Petrograd
provisional government ordered troops to disperse crowd resulting in violent clashes and arrests
Bolsheviks were either arrested or went into hiding like Lenin
Kerensky used situation to position himself as defender of order and stability.
Who was the Bourgeois?
middle class/business owners/supporters of those in power.
What happened to Russia due to their WWI loses?
drained resources
crippled economy
high casualties
demoralizing or soldiers and civilians
What day did the February Revolution occur based on the Gregorian calendar?
March8th, 1917
What was established after the February Revolution and who ultimately ended up leading it?
A provisional government
Alexander Kerensky
When did the October Revolution occur according to the Julian calendar?
The Gregorian Calendar?
October 25th, 1917
November 7th, 1917
What were the names of the revolutionary movements in Russia leading up to the revolution?
Social Democrats and Social Revolutionaries
What led to widespread desertions from the Russian military during WWI?
poorly equipped
inadequate supplies
What groups of people led strikes demanding bread and better conditions?
factory workers
women
What big decision did the provisional government make that led to continued public discontent?
Staying in WWI
How did the Petrograd Soviet's and Bolsheviks gain support against the provisional government?
calling for an immediate end to the war
and
land redistribution
What was the name of the autocratic ruler before the Russian Revolution?
Tsar Nicholas II
What did the Tsar's government do to alienate the Russian population?
use of secret police
censorship
exile of people who opposed the government
What factors led to rising frustration among urban workers leading up to the February Revolution?
severe food shortages
harsh winters
What did the Bolsheviks initially oppose and why?
protests because they feared it was too soon for an uprising
What was the slogan the caught on for the October Revolution?
"Peace, Land, and Bread"