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The retina is served by two circulatory systems: the retinal
vasculature and the _____ vasculature.
Choroidal
____ is typically caused by a blockage at the major bifurcation of
the central retinal vein.
HRVO
____ usually affects only one quadrant of the retina and is less
likely to cause vision loss than other types of RVO.
BRVO
True or False: Nonischemic CRVO may present with mild blurring
that may be worse in the morning and improve throughout the
day.
True
Older age is an important risk factor for RVO. For every ______
increase in age, risk for RVO increases by 60%
Decade
RVO occurs when the veins of the retina become blocked,
typically due to ____ or a blood clot (thrombus).
Atherosclerosis
____ is a blockage of any retinal vessel that acts as a tributary of
the central retinal vein
BRVO
BRVO is usually classified as macular or ____ depending on the
site of occlusion.
Major
______ ______ ______ and hypoxia can elicit a positive feedback
loop in which increased concentrations of VEGF and
inflammatory cytokines lead to a state of refractory edema.
Persistent macular edema
There are 3 different pathophysiologic mechanisms that can
contribute to the development of retinal vein thrombosis:
abnormal blood flow, abnormal blood vessels, and abnormal
blood ______.
Components
What is the most common vision-threatening complication of
RVO?
Macular edema
Branch retinal vein occlusions often occur at _____ crossings.
Arteriovenous
_____ RVO is marked by capillary nonperfusion.
Ischemic
Neovascularization of the _____ occurs in 25% of patients with
CRVO.
Iris
In CRVO, compression is usually caused by age-related sclerosis
of the ______ ______, hardening of the retinal arteries, or a
combination of both.
Lamina cribrosa
The formation of deposits of cholesterol, lipids, and calcium in
arterial walls, with potential to restrict blood flow is called _____.
Atherosclerosis
All four quadrants of the retina are typically affected with a ____.
CRVO
Ischemic CRVO is ______ prevalent than nonischemic CRVO.
Less
Neovascularization can be associated with potentially serious
complications, including vitreous hemorrhage, retinal
detachment, and _______ _________.
Neovascular glaucoma
Elevated levels of VEGF are associated with a variety of
pathophysiologic changes in RVO, including vascular
permeability, vascular remodeling, development of _____ ______,
and neovascularization.
Collateral vessels
A ____ is blockage of the central retinal vein inside the optic nerve
head or posterior to it.
CRVO
HRVO is sometimes referred to as ____ RVO. Hemispheric 7
Hemispheric
In ischemic CRVO, the visual prognosis remains poor in more
than _____% of patients even after macular edema resolves.
80
True or False: CRVO is associated with an increased mortality
risk.
True
Asymmetry in responses of pupils to direct light that can be
observed when alternating a light source between each eye is
called _____ _____ _______ _______.
Relative afferent pupillary defect